{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:29:52Z","timestamp":1791314992465,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U21A20271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20271"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31201349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31201349"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZY21195013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY21195013"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Guangxi Province","award":["U21A20271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20271"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Guangxi Province","award":["31201349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31201349"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Guangxi Province","award":["ZY21195013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY21195013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitooligosaccharides (COSs), degraded products of chitosan or chitin, are attracting growing interest owing to their low degree of polymerization (DP), high solubility, and prominent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the correlation between their structure and anti-inflammatory activities still needs to be explored. In this study, we use LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages as an inflammatory model to systematically evaluate COS1\u20137 for their effects on inflammatory mediators and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. The results of Griess assay, ELISA, and real-time quantitative PCR show that COSs can inhibit the expression of NO, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, MCP-1 and IL-1\u03b2), thereby attenuating inflammatory signaling. Notably, chitohexaose (COS6) exhibits the most significant anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the mRNA levels of LPS-induced iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1\u03b2 and the production of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 by more than 50%. Transcriptome, western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis reveal that COSs can inhibit the activation of the NF-\u03baB signal pathway by down-regulating TLR2 levels. Additionally, molecular docking confirms that COSs retard TLR2\/4 dimerization and LPS recognition by TLR4, affecting downstream signaling cascades. In summary, this study provides a valuable insight into the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of COSs and highlights the possible applications in human health promotion by modulating receptor-mediated signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30102226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:50:31Z","timestamp":1747741831000},"page":"2226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Chitooligosaccharides on TLR2\/NF-\u03baB Signaling in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mengting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shurong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.315","article-title":"An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides","volume":"153","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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