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Among other factors, their successful implementation for energy storage relies on optimization of the properties of the carbon electrode materials. To this end, carbon materials with a wide range of textural and structural properties were prepared by simply heat treating a single porous carbon in the absence or presence of a low-cost highly effective iron-based catalyst. These materials were investigated as anode or cathode in the sodium dual-ion batteries by prolonged galvanostatic cycling. The optimal textural and structural properties for carbon materials to achieve the best performance as electrodes in sodium dual-ion batteries were identified as having a high degree of graphitic structural order combined with minimal microporosity in the cathode and a non-graphitic structure with a layer spacing of around 0.37 nm and moderate microporosity in the anode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30112439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1748864432000},"page":"2439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimization of Textural and Structural Properties of Carbon Materials for Sodium Dual-Ion Battery Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4014-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Came\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Lobato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachelle","family":"Omn\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, CEMHTI UPR 3079, University Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Raymundo-Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, CEMHTI UPR 3079, University Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0935-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Carbono, INCAR-CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McCullough, F.P., Levine, C.A., and Snelgrove, R.V. 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