{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:41:20Z","timestamp":1784936480118,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3504400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504400"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3504401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504401"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3504402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504402"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2025ZNSFSC1821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1821"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["CCYB2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCYB2022009"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2023YFC3504400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504400"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2023YFC3504401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504401"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2023YFC3504402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504402"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2025ZNSFSC1821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1821"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["CCYB2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCYB2022009"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cXinglin Scholars\u201d Program of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["2023YFC3504400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504400"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cXinglin Scholars\u201d Program of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["2023YFC3504401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504401"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cXinglin Scholars\u201d Program of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["2023YFC3504402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504402"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cXinglin Scholars\u201d Program of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["2025ZNSFSC1821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1821"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cXinglin Scholars\u201d Program of Chengdu University of TCM","award":["CCYB2022009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCYB2022009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural characterization of natural products in complex herbal extracts remains a major challenge in phytochemical analysis. In this study, we present a novel post-acquisition data-processing strategy\u2014key ion diagnostics\u2013neutral loss filtering (KID-NLF)\u2014combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q\/TOF-MS) for systematic profiling of the medicinal plant Terminalia chebula. The strategy consists of four main steps. First, untargeted data are acquired in negative electrospray ionization (ESI\u2212) mode. Second, a genus-specific diagnostic ion database is constructed by leveraging characteristic fragment ions (e.g., gallic acid, chebuloyl, and HHDP groups) and conserved substructures. Third, MS\/MS data are high-resolution filtered using key ion diagnostics and neutral loss patterns (302 Da for HHDP; 320 Da for chebuloyl). Finally, structures are elucidated via detailed spectral analysis. The methanol extract of T. chebula was separated on a C18 column using a gradient of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid within 33 min. This separation enabled detection of 164 compounds, of which 47 were reported for the first time. Based on fragmentation pathways and diagnostic ions (e.g., m\/z 169 for gallic acid, m\/z 301 for ellagic acid, and neutral losses of 152, 302, and 320 Da), the compounds were classified into three major groups: gallic acid derivatives, ellagitannins (containing HHDP, chebuloyl, or neochebuloyl moieties), and triterpenoid glycosides. KID-NLF overcomes key limitations of conventional workflows\u2014namely, isomer discrimination and detection of low-abundance compounds\u2014by exploiting genus-specific structural signatures. This strategy demonstrates high efficiency in resolving complex polyphenolic and triterpenoid profiles and enables rapid annotation of both known and novel metabolites. This study highlights KID-NLF as a robust framework for phytochemical analysis in species with high chemical complexity. It also paves the way for applications in quality control, drug discovery, and mechanistic studies of medicinal plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30112451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T11:55:52Z","timestamp":1748951752000},"page":"2451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Innovative Strategy for Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis: Rapid Chemical Profiling of the Medicinal Plant Terminalia chebula Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Q\/TOF Mass Spectrometry\u2013Key Ion Diagnostics\u2013Neutral Loss Filtering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ce","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1529-8339","article-title":"Quality Control of Herbal Medicines: From Traditional Techniques to State-of-the-art Approaches","volume":"87","author":"Viaene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wen, D., He, Y., Liu, Y., Han, F., Su, J., Lai, S., Zhuang, M., Gao, F., and Li, Z. (2024). Progresses and Prospects on Glucosinolate Detection in Cruciferous Plants. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244141"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Application Progress of 2D-LC in Analysis and Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"44","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Reag."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"678","article-title":"Systematic characterization and identification of the chemical constituents of the Schisandra chinensis decoction based on a hybrid scanning technique of UHPLC\/IM-QTOF-MS","volume":"59","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.02.079","article-title":"A targeted strategy to analyze untargeted mass spectral data: Rapid chemical profiling of Scutellaria baicalensis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry and key ion filtering","volume":"1441","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141293","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison of two colour varieties of Perillae folium by UHPLC-Q-TOF\/MS analysis combining with feature-based molecular networking","volume":"463","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23953-9","article-title":"Ion identity molecular networking for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the GNPS environment","volume":"12","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0344-8","article-title":"SIRIUS 4: A rapid tool for turning tandem mass spectra into metabolite structure information","volume":"16","author":"Duhrkop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Wang, X., Li, X., Li, C., Wang, Y., and Zhang, M. (2024). Comprehensive Review on Fruit of Terminalia chebula: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235547"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.195410","article-title":"Preliminary Screening of a Classical Ayurvedic Formulation for Anticonvulsant Activity","volume":"36","author":"Dhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6702","article-title":"Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz.: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities","volume":"34","author":"Nigam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Lu, H., Fang, N., Su, J., Li, R., Wang, W., and Zhang, Y. (2024). The potential of Terminalia chebula in alleviating mild cognitive impairment: A review. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1484040"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-022-0090-0","article-title":"Terminalia chebula Medicinal Uses: A Review of in vitro and in vivo Studies","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"49","article-title":"Research Progress and Application Prospects of Medicinal and Edible Tibetan Medicine Terminalia chebula","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Wild Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-023-09878-9","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological properties of Terminalia chebula fruit","volume":"23","author":"Tiwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"239","article-title":"Profiling of Gallic and Ellagic Acid Derivatives in Different Plant Parts of Terminalia arjuna by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-019-00223-2","article-title":"Two New Phenolic Constituents from the Stems of Euphorbia griffithii","volume":"9","author":"Kaunda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14655","article-title":"Composition, Antivirulence Activity, and Active Property Distribution of the Fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"333","article-title":"Two new isomers of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chin Pharma Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2017.02.006","article-title":"Hydrolyzable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz and their \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities","volume":"137","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00925-6","article-title":"1,3-di-O-galloylquinic acid from Guiera senegalensis","volume":"42","author":"Bouchet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-32070","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by galloyl glucoses from Terminalia chebula and flavonol glycoside gallates from Euphorbia pekinensis","volume":"68","author":"Ahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.462784","article-title":"Screening and identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Terminalia chebula fruits by immobilized enzyme on cellulose filter paper coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and molecular docking","volume":"1663","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C.C., Zhang, F.Q., and Chen, J. (2024). Screening and characterization of cosmetic efficacy components of Terminalia chebula based on biological activity-guided methodology. Biomed. Chromatogr., 38.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5974"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.01.016","article-title":"Study on anti-inflammatory efficacy and correlative ingredients with pharmacodynamics detected in acute inflammation rat model serum from Caulis Lonicerae japonicae","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY01067J","article-title":"Sensitive lanthanide label array method for rapid fingerprint analysis of plant polyphenols based on time-resolved luminescence","volume":"11","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.09.014","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus inhibitory hydrolysable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula","volume":"99","author":"Ajala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.11.038","article-title":"Study on anti-hyperuricemia effects and active ingredients of traditional Tibetan medicine TongFengTangSan (TFTS) by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3332","article-title":"A comprehensive strategy for quality evaluation of Changan powder by fingerprinting combined with rapid qualitative and quantitative multi-ingredients profiling","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2069766","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis of differential chemical constituents and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibiting activity of Phyllanthus urinaria L. root, stem, leaf and fruit","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.45.1915","article-title":"Structures and biogenesis of rhoipteleanins, ellagitannins formed by stereospecific intermolecular C-C oxidative coupling, isolated from Rhoiptelea chiliantha","volume":"45","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101098","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound, microwave, and enzymatically pre-treated Terminalia chebula pulp on extraction of bioactive compounds using supercritical CO2","volume":"33","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20022034","article-title":"The synthesis and antitumor activity of twelve galloyl glucosides","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AY00773A","article-title":"ESI(-)FT-ICR MS for the determination of best conditions for producing extract abundant in phenolic compounds from leaves of E. uniflora and FTIR-PCA as a sample screening method","volume":"16","author":"Lyrio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Zhao, L., Yi, J., and Cai, S. (2022). Effects and Mechanisms of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits on Suppressing RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Network Pharmacology and Validation in RAW264.7 Cells. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051020"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.04.027","article-title":"NMR-based metabonomic analysis on effect of light on production of antioxidant phenolic compounds in submerged cultures of Inonotus obliquus","volume":"100","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16233","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01380","article-title":"Comparative Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Differences in Nonvolatile and Volatile Metabolites and Their Quality Characteristics in Beauty Tea with Different Extents of Punctured Leaves by Tea Green Leafhopper","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1137573","article-title":"Antioxidant and hyaluronidase inhibitory activities of diverse phenolics in Phyllanthus emblica","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(95)00020-M","article-title":"Differential inhibition of reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerase-alpha activities by lignans isolated from Chinese herbs, Phyllanthus myrtifolius Moon, and tannins from Lonicera japonica Thunb and Castanopsis hystrix","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114135","article-title":"Multiple in vitro biological effects of phenolic compounds from Terminalia chebula var. tomentella","volume":"275","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przybylska, D., Kucharska, A.Z., Cybulska, I., Soza\u0144ski, T., Pi\u00f3recki, N., and Fecka, I. (2020). Cornus mas L. Stones: A Valuable By-Product as an Ellagitannin Source with High Antioxidant Potential. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204646"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00496","article-title":"Structures and Antibacterial Properties of Isorugosins H-J, Oligomeric Ellagitannins from Liquidambar formosana with Characteristic Bridging Groups between Sugar Moieties","volume":"80","author":"Shimozu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1021\/np500953e","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Hydrolyzable Tannins from Myricaria bracteata","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehgal, R., Sharma, A.K., Singh, B.J., Saini, R.V., Saini, A.K., and Beniwal, V. (2024). Augmenting the antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-carcinogenic potential of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica after tannin acyl hydrolase mediated biotransformation. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103045"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-109239","article-title":"Metabolic Profiling of Hoodia, Chamomile, Terminalia Species and Evaluation of Commercial Preparations Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"83","author":"Avula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2013.142","article-title":"Inhibition of protein SUMOylation by davidiin, an ellagitannin from Davidia involucrata","volume":"67","author":"Takemoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2019.1670046","article-title":"Identification of the characteristic components in walnut and anti-inflammatory effect of glansreginin A as an indicator for quality evaluation","volume":"84","author":"Haramiishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113236","article-title":"Uncovering the phenolic diversity of Guabiju fruit: LC-MS\/MS-based targeted metabolomics approach","volume":"173","author":"Spinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.03.018","article-title":"Polyphenolic compounds in the fruits of Egyptian medicinal plants (Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): Characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities","volume":"71","author":"Pfundstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b02188","article-title":"Structural Features of Hydrolyzable Tannins Determine Their Ability to Form Insoluble Complexes with Bovine Serum Albumin","volume":"67","author":"Arvola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155063","article-title":"Inhibitory activities and rules of plant gallotannins with different numbers of galloyl moieties on sucrase, maltase and \u03b1-amylase in vitro and in vivo","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10869","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2158943","article-title":"Molecular insights into the in silico discovery of corilagin from Terminalia chebula as a potential dual inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins","volume":"41","author":"Pradeep","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600820511","article-title":"Tannins as potent inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II in vitro","volume":"82","author":"Kashiwada","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3311","article-title":"Efficient screening of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Rheum palmatum by affinity ultrafiltration-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution inhibition profiling","volume":"35","author":"Quan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.11.039","article-title":"New polyhydroxytriterpenoid derivatives from fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. and their \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibitory activity","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.464667","article-title":"Application of two-dimensional reversed phase countercurrent chromatography \u00d7 high-performance liquid chromatography to bioactivity-guided screening and isolation of \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors from Rheum palmatum L. J","volume":"1717","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.05.049","article-title":"An integrated strategy based on characteristic fragment filter supplemented by multivariate statistical analysis in multi-stage mass spectrometry chromatograms for the large-scale detection and identification of natural plant-derived components in rat: The rhubarb case","volume":"174","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.29.17.07.130","article-title":"Anti-cholinesterase activities of hydrolysable tannins and polyhydroxytriterpenoid derivatives from Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Rotundic acid enhances the impact of radiological toxicity on MCF-7 cells through the ATM\/p53 pathway","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-013-0132-3","article-title":"Characterization of bioactive plant ellagitannins by chromatographic, spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods","volume":"23","author":"Moilanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1328089","article-title":"Simultaneous determination and characterization of tannins and triterpene saponins from the fruits of various species of Terminalia and Phyllantus emblica using a UHPLC-UV-MS method: Application to triphala","volume":"79","author":"Avula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.02.018","article-title":"Extraction and identification by high resolution mass spectrometry of bioactive substances in different extracts obtained from pomegranate peel","volume":"1594","author":"Marina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9391","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01093","article-title":"Comparative Characterization of the Ginsenosides from Six Panax Herbal Extracts and Their In Vitro Rat Gut Microbial Metabolites by Advanced Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Approaches","volume":"71","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v17i6.17","article-title":"Network pharmacology and UPLC-Q-TOF\/MS studies on the anti-arthritic mechanism of Pterocephalus hookeri","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135598","article-title":"Metabolomics provide a novel interpretation of the changes in flavonoids during sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) drying","volume":"413","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/11\/2451\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:44Z","timestamp":1760032004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/11\/2451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30112451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30112451","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}