{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:51:14Z","timestamp":1785891074863,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3004"]}]},{"name":"John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin","award":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MEiN\/2023\/DPI\/3004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review focuses on Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES), examining the phytochemical composition, traditional medicinal roles, ecological traits, and pharmacological effects. Native to Northeast Asia, ES is used in traditional Chinese, Korean, and Japanese medicine. The rhizomes and bark are utilized medicinally and valued for their adaptogenic properties that enhance stress resistance, boost mental and physical endurance, and exhibit immunostimulatory effects that strengthen the immune system. Its pharmacological potential stems from a variety of bioactive compounds, including eleutherosides, lignans, saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which contribute to health benefits such as neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antioxidative activities. Neuroprotective properties may aid in the management of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease, while antidiabetic effects support glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity. With increasing demands and conservation concerns, sustainable cultivation practices are essential, as ES is endangered in some areas. Plant biotechnology techniques offer solutions to enhance secondary metabolite yields while ensuring genetic stability and minimizing environmental impacts. ES is a promising natural resource for various industries because of its extensive benefits. Still, its conservation and sustainable production are critical and require ongoing research and innovative cultivation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30122512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:54:05Z","timestamp":1749448445000},"page":"2512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus): An Important Adaptogenic Plant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6163-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Kos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7081-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Czarnek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1 H St., 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Sadok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J St., 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Krzyszczak-Turczyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1J St., 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Fila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Do\u015bwiadczalna 4 St., 20-290 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3996-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gizem","family":"Emre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara, \u0130stanbul 34854, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5353-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Tatarczak-Michalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Latalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Blicharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiochemistry and Interdisciplinary Applications of Ion Chromatography, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chod\u017aki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Za\u0142uski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 9 Marie Curie-Sk\u0142odowska St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0630-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naz\u0131m","family":"\u015eekero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Plant and Mushroom Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todorova, V., Ivanov, K., Delattre, C., Nalbantova, V., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., and Ivanova, S. (2021). Plant Adaptogens\u2014History and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082861"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114274","article-title":"Findings of Russian Literature on the Clinical Application of Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.): A Narrative Review","volume":"278","author":"Gerontakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, January 04). Flora of China Eleutherococcussenticosus. Available online: http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220004653."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Wei, H., Li, J., Fan, R., Xu, M., Chen, X., and Wang, Z. (2019). Geographical Distribution and Environmental Correlates of Eleutherosides and Isofraxidin in Eleutherococcussenticosus from Natural Populations in Forests at Northeast China. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10100872"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The World Flora Online\u2019 WFO (2024, January 31). Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldfloraonline.org\/taxon\/wfo-0000948117#B."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Council of Europe, European Pharmacopoeia Commission, and European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare (2019). European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe, European Pharmacopoeia Commission, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2016). Korean Pharmacopoeia, Monographs, Part II, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2021). Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Crude Drugs and Related Drugs, The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2016). Herbal Medicine: Summary for the Public Eleutherococcus Root Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim., Radix, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.H., Meng, Y., Zhai, C., Wang, M., Avula, B., Yuk, J., Smith, K.M., Isaac, G., and Khan, I.A. (2019). The Chemical Characterization of Eleutherococcussenticosus and Ci-Wu-Jia Tea Using UHPLC-UV-QTOF\/MS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030475"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113636","article-title":"The Intractum from the Eleutherococcussenticosus Fruits Affects the Innate Immunity in Human Leukocytes: From the Ethnomedicinal Use to Contemporary Evidence-Based Research","volume":"268","author":"Graczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wielgorskaya, T., and Raven, P.H. (1996). Dictionary of Generic Names of Seed Plants, Columbia University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113586","article-title":"A Review of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. and Maxim.) Harms: From Ethnopharmacological Use to Modern Application","volume":"268","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00181-1","article-title":"Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an Adaptogen: A Closer Look","volume":"72","author":"Davydov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2024.152470","article-title":"Anatomy of Vegetative Organs of Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae)","volume":"314","year":"2024","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graczyk, F., Strzemski, M., Balcerek, M., Koz\u0142owska, W., Mazurek, B., Karaku\u0142a, M., Sowa, I., Ptaszy\u0144ska, A.A., and Za\u0142uski, D. (2021). Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPLC\u2013PDA and HS\u2013SPME\/GC\u2013MS Metabolomic Profiling of Eleutherococcussenticosus Fruits. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071969"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"National Institute of Biological Resources (2014). Korean Red List of Threatened Species, National Institute of Biological Resources. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Ding, L., Xia, Y., Dai, W., Han, X., Siqin, T., and You, X. (2023). Evaluation and Selection of Excellent Provenances of Eleutherococcussenticosus. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14071359"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ramawat, K.G., Ekiert, H.M., and Goyal, S. (2021). Secondary Metabolites of Various (Eleutherococcussenticosus\/Rupr. et Maxim.\/Maxim) Organs Derived from plants Obtained by Somatic Embryogenesis. Plant Cell and Tissue Differentiation and Secondary Metabolites Fundamentals and Applications, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"6105","article-title":"Eleutherococcussenticosus as a Crude Medicine: Review of Biotechnological Effects","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"7140","article-title":"Research Progress in Somatic Embryogenesis of Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcussenticosus Maxim.)","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5899-9","article-title":"Biotechnological Production of Eleutherosides: Current State and Perspectives","volume":"98","author":"Murthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol.Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X16500865","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus: Photochemistry and Anticancer Potential","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16010028","article-title":"Anti-Fatigue Activity of Extracts of Stem Bark from Acanthopanax senticosus","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2013.59205","article-title":"Eleutherococcussenticosus: Studies and Effects","volume":"5","author":"Arouca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"83","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus: Review of Botany, Chemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, R.H., Na, H., Kim, J.H., Kim, S.A., Kim, S.Y., Jung, H.-A., Lee, S.H., Wee, C.-D., Lee, K.-S., and Kim, H.-W. (2024). Comprehensive Profiling of Phenolic Compounds and Triterpenoid Saponins from Acanthopanax senticosus and Their Antioxidant, \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77574-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13281","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200713281","article-title":"The Antioxidant Activity and Their Major Antioxidant Compounds from Acanthopanax senticosus and A. Koreanum","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09775-z","article-title":"The Traditional Uses, Secondary Metabolites, and Pharmacology of Eleutherococcus Species","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391601","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1391601","article-title":"A Review of the Extraction and Purification Methods, Biological Activities, and Applications of Active Compounds in Acanthopanax senticosus","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934820140051","article-title":"Determination of Eleutheroside B and Eleutheroside E in Extracts from Eleutherococcussenticosus by Liquid Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry","volume":"75","author":"Baygildieva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"20","article-title":"Chemistry and Pharmacology of Syringin, a Novel Bioglycoside: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Us","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1034275","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Effect of Syringin from Eleutherococcussenticosus in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"74","author":"Niu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934183","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/934183","article-title":"Eleutheroside E, an Active Component of Eleutherococcussenticosus, Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Db\/Db Mice","volume":"2013","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111905","article-title":"Developing an Effective Approach Based on Microwave Distillation and Extraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents for Multiple Target Analytes Prepared from Eleutherococcussenticosus Fruits","volume":"207","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18352","article-title":"A New Lignan Glycoside from Eleutherococcussenticosus","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-022-03753-3","article-title":"Chemical Constituents from Acanthopanax senticosus and Their Cytotoxic Activities","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1934578X20941299","article-title":"New Neo-Lignan from Acanthopanax senticosus and the Cytotoxic Effects on Human Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majnooni, M.B., Fakhri, S., Shokoohinia, Y., Mojarrab, M., Kazemi-Afrakoti, S., and Farzaei, M.H. (2020). Isofraxidin: Synthesis, Biosynthesis, Isolation, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092040"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153181","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Root and Bark Extracts of Eleutherococcussenticosus and Their Effects on Human Macrophages","volume":"68","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7903","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17077903","article-title":"Simultaneous Quantification of Five Bioactive Components of Acanthopanax senticosus and Its Extract by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.532","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Protocatechuic Acid, Syringin, Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeic Acid, Liriodendrin and Isofraxidin in Acanthopanax senticosus Harms by HPLC-DAD","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3144","article-title":"Study on the Technology of Efficient Extraction of Eleutheroside E from Acanthopanax senticosus by Green Solvent DES","volume":"33","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.106039","article-title":"Tea Saponin Additive to Extract Eleutheroside B and E from Eleutherococcussenticosus by Ultrasonic Mediation and Its Application in a Semi-Pilot Scale","volume":"86","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c02116","article-title":"Novel Green Three-Constituent Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Enhances Biomass Extraction from Acanthopanax senticosus and the Extraction Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/43.5.249","article-title":"Semipreparative Separation and Determination of Eleutheroside E in Acanthopanax Giraldii Harms by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C., Hou, J., Sun, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., and Mu, L. (2023). Efficient Extraction and Purification of Isofraxidin from Acanthopanax senticosus by DES. Anal. Chem., preprints.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202302.0339.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865586","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.865586","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Leaves Based on UPLC-MS\/MS: Separation and Rapid Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.60322","article-title":"Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eleutherococcussenticosus Fruit Extracts","volume":"6","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Chu, X., Su, J., Fu, X., Kan, Q., Wang, X., and Zhang, X. (2021). Enzyme-Assisted Ultrasonic Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Acanthopanax senticosus and Their Enrichment and Antioxidant Properties. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9101708"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todorova, V., Ivanov, K., and Ivanova, S. (2022). Comparison between the Biological Active Compounds in Plants with Adaptogenic Properties (RhaponticumCarthamoides, Lepidium Meyenii, Eleutherococcussenticosus and Panax ginseng). Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010064"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2020.1783657","article-title":"Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Acanthopanax senticosus with Their Inhibitory Activity on \u03b1-Glucosidase","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, J., Su, J., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Li, X., Li, Y., Ding, Y., and Chu, X. (2024). Eco-Friendly and Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus by Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29050942"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-011-9773-z","article-title":"Phenolic Constituents from the Stems of Acanthopanax senticosus","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1515\/DMDI.2000.17.1-4.211","article-title":"The Bioactivity of Saponins: Triterpenoid and Steroidal Glycosides","volume":"17","author":"Rao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Metabol. Drug Interact."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1021\/np060195+","article-title":"Biologically Active Triterpenoid Saponins from Acanthopanax senticosus","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1021\/np000277c","article-title":"New 3,4-Seco-Lupane-Type Triterpene Glycosides from Acanthopanax senticosus Forma Inermis","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.104827","article-title":"Five New Sesquiterpenoids from the Fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825763","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.825763","article-title":"Triterpenoid Saponins from the Fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.244","article-title":"Comparable Studies of Two Polysaccharides from Leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus: Structure and Antioxidation","volume":"147","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753007","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.753007","article-title":"Advances in the Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics and Biological Activities of Eleutherococcussenticosus Polysaccharides: A Promising Medicinal and Edible Resource With Development Value","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front.Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Wen, X., Zhao, Y., Bai, X., Qin, X., and Chu, W. (2024). Structural Elucidation of a Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharide CQ-1 and Its Hepatoprotective Activity via Gut Health Regulation and Antioxidative Defense. Int. J. Biol.Macromol., 281.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136343"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.306","article-title":"Glycoprotein Isolated from Acanthopanax senticosus Protects against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Acute and Chronic Alcohol Treatment","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Wang, X., Xue, J., Li, X., Li, Y., Ding, Y., Feng, Y., Zhang, X., Su, J., and Chu, X. (2024). Optimization of Liquid Fermentation of Acanthopanax senticosus Leaves and Its Non-Targeted Metabolomics Analysis. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194749"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3887","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Fruits Based on UPLC\u2013MS\/MS and GC\u2013MS: A Rapid Qualitative Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"State Pharmacopoeia Commission of P.R. China (2015). Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China, China Medical Science Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Anti-Tumour Effects of Polysaccharide Extracted from Acanthopanax senticosus and Cell-Mediated Immunity","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00613-1","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus Root Inhibits Mast Cell-Dependent Anaphylaxis","volume":"312","author":"Yi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02974078","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus Reverses Fatty Liver Disease and Hyperglycemia in Ob\/Ob Mice","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.052","article-title":"Anti-Metastatic Activity of Acanthopanax senticosus Extract and Its Possible Immunological Mechanism of Action","volume":"93","author":"Yoon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2010.AMK018","article-title":"The Effect of Eight Weeks of Supplementation with Eleutherococcussenticosus on Endurance Capacity and Metabolism in Human","volume":"53","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.08.027","article-title":"Effects of Various Eleutherococcussenticosus Cortex on Swimming Time, Natural Killer Activity and Corticosterone Level in Forced Swimming Stressed Mice","volume":"95","author":"Kimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.01.004","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus Exerts Neuroprotective Effects through HO-1 Signaling in Hippocampal and Microglial Cells","volume":"35","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.05.024","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Eleutherococcussenticosus Bark on Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.08.014","article-title":"Fundamental Studies on the Inhibitory Action of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms on Glucose Absorption","volume":"132","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1360","article-title":"Screening and Determination for Potential \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms by Using UF-LC\/MS and ESI-MS n","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-015-0659-7","article-title":"New Neo-Lignan from Acanthopanax senticosus with Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Activity","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7555","article-title":"Pharmacological Effects of Eleutherococcussenticosus on the Neurological Disorders","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-011-0509-y","article-title":"Active Components from Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcussenticosus) for Protection of Amyloid \u03b2(25-35)-Induced Neuritic Atrophy in Cultured Rat Cortical Neurons","volume":"65","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03078G","article-title":"Memory Enhancement Effect of Saponins from Eleutherococcussenticosus Leaves and Blood\u2013Brain Barrier-Permeated Saponins Profiling Using a Pseudotargeted Monitoring Strategy","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1024","article-title":"Effect of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms on Biogenic Monoamine Levels in the Rat Brain","volume":"16","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.108347","article-title":"Phenylpropanoids of Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Alleviate Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease In Vitro and In Vivo Models by Regulating Mst1 and Affecting the Nrf2\/Sirt3 Pathway","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Induction of Apoptosis by Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS and Its Component, Sesamin in Human Stomach Cancer KATO III Cells","volume":"7","author":"Hibasami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.9.3779","article-title":"Effect of Sesamin on Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells","volume":"16","author":"Siao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.22246\/jikm.2022.43.4.529","article-title":"Effect of Extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Fruit on Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"43","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Korean Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2025.100510","article-title":"Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Eleutherococcussenticosus on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation","volume":"53","author":"Kou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02980109","article-title":"Anti-Metastatic Activity of Glycoprotein Fractionated from Acanthopanax senticosus, Involvement of NK-Cell and Macrophage Activation","volume":"27","author":"Ha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.04.016","article-title":"(+)-Syringaresinol-Di-O-\u03b2-d-Glucoside, a Phenolic Compound from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms, Suppresses Proinflammatory Mediators in SW982 Human Synovial Sarcoma Cells by Inhibiting Activating Protein-1 and\/or Nuclear Factor-\u039aB Activities","volume":"21","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.1716","article-title":"Isofraxidin, a Coumarin Component from Acanthopanax senticosus, Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Expression and Cell Invasion of Human Hepatoma Cells","volume":"33","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1134\/S2079057013010049","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Difluoromethylornithine and Siberian Ginseng Root Tincture on Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis in Rats and Their Lifespan","volume":"3","author":"Bespalov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152844","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate the Chemopreventive Effects of Syringin in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2018_180913N689","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharide Suppressing Proliferation and Metastasis of the Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer NCI-H520 Cells Is Associated with Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Zhang, X., Kan, Q., and Chu, X. (2022). Antioxidant Activity of Acanthopanax senticosus Flavonoids in H2O2-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells and DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092872"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.12.037","article-title":"A Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus Improves the Antioxidant Status in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"88","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.01.018","article-title":"HPTLC-Profiling of Eleutherosides, Mechanism of Antioxidative Action of Eleutheroside E1, the PAMPA Test with LC\/MS Detection and the Structure\u2013Activity Relationship","volume":"25","author":"Janeczko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA18325A","article-title":"Radioprotective Effects of Active Compounds of Acanthopanax senticosus from the Lesser Khingan Mountain Range in China Wei","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02980055","article-title":"Anti-Oxidant Activities of Acanthopanax senticosus Stems and Their Lignan Components","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6628880","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6628880","article-title":"Different Metabolites in the Roots, Seeds, and Leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus and Their Role in Alleviating Oxidative Stress","volume":"2021","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011776577","article-title":"In-Vitro and in-Vivo Immunomodulatory Effects of Syringin","volume":"53","author":"Cho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0250-0","article-title":"A Review on the Immunomodulatory Activity of Acanthopanax senticosus and Its Active Components","volume":"14","author":"Lau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.05.018","article-title":"Protective Effect of Acanthopanax senticosus Extract against Endotoxic Shock in Mice","volume":"118","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.746","article-title":"The Synthesis of Rantes, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-13 in Human Whole-Blood Cultures Is Modulated by an Extract from Eleutherococcussenticosus L. Roots","volume":"15","author":"Schmolz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"76","article-title":"Immunopharmacological in Vitro Effects of Eleutherococcussenticosus Extracts","volume":"51","author":"Steinmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arzneim.-Forsch. Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1078\/094471102321616409","article-title":"Effect of Andrographolide and Kan Jang\u2014Fixed Combination of Extract SHA-10 and Extract SHE-3\u2014On Proliferation of Human Lymphocytes, Production of Cytokines and Immune Activation Markers in the Whole Blood Cells Culture","volume":"9","author":"Panossian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(03)00118-8","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Activation of B Cells and Macrophages by Polysaccharide Isolated from Cell Culture of Acanthopanax senticosus","volume":"3","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.059","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effect of Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharide on Immunosuppressed Chickens","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97423-3","article-title":"Immunostimulatory Effects Mechanism of Polysaccharide Extracted from Acanthopanax senticosus on RAW 264.7 Cells through Activating the TLR\/MAPK\/NF-\u039aB Signaling Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.914","article-title":"Eleutherococcussenticosus Reduces Cardiovascular Stress Response in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"18","author":"Facchinetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"71","article-title":"Protective Effect of ASS on Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats","volume":"29","author":"Sui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8369704","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8369704","article-title":"Acanthopanax versus 3-Methyladenine Ameliorates Sodium Taurocholate-Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Inhibiting the Autophagic Pathway in Rats","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, X., Su, J., and Chu, X. (2022). Acanthopanax senticosus Total Flavonoids Alleviate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation and Modulate the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Biosci. Rep., 42.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20212670"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10537","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.December.12.16","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus Attenuates Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting the NF-\u039aB Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Fei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i12.2175","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharides-Induced Intestinal Tight Junction Injury Alleviation via Inhibition of NF-\u039aB\/MLCK Pathway in a Mouse Endotoxemia Model","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5278","article-title":"Effects of Total Flavones from Acanthopanax senticosus on L-Type Calcium Channels, Calcium Transient and Contractility in Rat Ventricular Myocytes","volume":"29","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, D., Dong, Y., Che, D., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., Han, R., and Jiang, H. (2025). Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharide Alleviates LPS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Piglets by Gut Microbiota and Hyodeoxycholic Acid Regulation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 307.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141467"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.19.1227","article-title":"Protective Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms from Hokkaido and Its Components on Gastric Ulcer in Restrained Cold Water Stressed Rats","volume":"19","author":"Fujikawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"27","article-title":"Myths and Facts in Herbal Medicines: Eleutherococcussenticosus (Siberian Ginseng) and Its Contraindication in Hypertensive Patients","volume":"2014","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Botanics"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-009-0371-3","article-title":"Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS Extract on Drug Transport in Human Intestinal Cell Line Caco-2","volume":"64","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13403","article-title":"Chromosomal-Scale Genome Assembly of Eleutherococcussenticosus Provides Insights into Chromosome Evolution in Araliaceae","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.32615\/ps.2020.045","article-title":"Effects of Light Intensity on the Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Secondary Metabolites of Eleutherococcussenticosus Harms","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-014-1534-1","article-title":"Pilot-Scale Culture of Somatic Embryos of Eleutherococcussenticosus in Airlift Bioreactors for the Production of Eleutherosides","volume":"36","author":"Shohael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"152","article-title":"Comparison of Cryoprotectants and Cryopreservation Protocols for Eleutherococcussenticosus via Somatic Embryogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. For. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"38","article-title":"Micropropagation of Eleutherococcussenticosus through Axillary Bud Culture","volume":"1","author":"You","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-014-0567-4","article-title":"Enhancement Strategies of Bioactive Compound Production in Adventitious Root Cultures of EleutherococcusKoreanum Nakai Subjected to Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid Elicitation through Airlift Bioreactors","volume":"120","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.10.033","article-title":"Enhanced Productivity of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds through Bioreactor Cultures of EleutherococcusKoreanum Nakai Adventitious Roots Affected by Medium Salt Strength","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.1506","article-title":"Effect of Nitrogen Source on Biomass and Bioactive Compound Production in Submerged Cultures of EleutherococcusKoreanum Nakai Adventitious Roots","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paek, K.-Y., Murthy, H.N., and Zhong, J.-J. (2014). Production of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds in Adventitious Root cultures of EleutherococcusKoreanum Nakai. Production of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds Using Bioreactor Technology, Springer Science+Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9223-3"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-005-9075-x","article-title":"Effect of Temperature on Secondary Metabolites Production and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Eleutherococcussenticosus Somatic Embryos","volume":"85","author":"Shohael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"39","article-title":"Effects of LED on Growth, Morphogenesis and Eleutheroside Contents of in Vitro Cultured Plantlets of Eleutherococcussenticosus Maxim","volume":"1","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Med. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paek, K.-Y., Murthy, H.N., and Zhong, J.-J. (2014). Production of Bioactive compounds from Somatic Embryo Suspension cultures of Siberian Ginseng in Bioreactors. Production of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds Using Bioreactor Technology, Springer Science+Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9223-3"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2225\/vol10-issue4-fulltext-13","article-title":"Methyl Jasmonate Induced Overproduction of Eleutherosides in Somatic Embryos of Eleutherococcussenticosus Cultured in Bioreactors","volume":"10","author":"Shohael","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4938","article-title":"Anti-Depressant Effects of Aqueous Extract from Acanthopanax Senticosus in Mice","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anxiolytic Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus HARMS Occur via Regulation of Autonomic Function and Activate Hippocampal BDNF-TrkB Signaling","volume":"24","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.001","article-title":"Acanthopanax Senticosus Reduces Brain Injury in Mice Exposed to Low Linear Energy Transfer Radiation","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1649","article-title":"Siberian Ginseng Reduces Infarct Volume in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"19","author":"Bu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.02.006","article-title":"Protective Effect of Extract of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms on Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mice","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.11.031","article-title":"Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms as a Prophylactic for MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Rats","volume":"97","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.08046FP","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Eleutherococcus Senticosus Extracts on Amyloid \u03b2(25-35)-Induced Neuritic Atrophy and Synaptic Loss","volume":"107","author":"Tohda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.05.026","article-title":"Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract from Acanthopanax Senticosus against Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells","volume":"148","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"270","article-title":"Experimental Intervention Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Lewis Lung Cancer in Mice","volume":"04","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"191","article-title":"The Anti-Tumor and Immune Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Meng, Q.L. (2018). Basic Pharmacological Research on the Development of Changbai Mountain Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide, Jilin Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"10","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharides, Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharides and Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides Regulate the Anti-Tumor Activity of LAK Cells In Vivo","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Second Mil. Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"78","article-title":"Pathological Study of the Influence of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide and GST on Experimental Liver Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"239","article-title":"Induces Apoptosis of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharides on H446 Cells","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"59","article-title":"ASPS Induces G_2\/M Arrest of H446 Cells by Activation of ERK Signal Pathway","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bas. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Wang, F.F. (2006). Study on the Structure and Chemical Modification of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide, Ocean University of China."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"201","article-title":"Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on the Proliferation, Apoptosis and Cell Cycle in Human HepG2 Cells","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"162","article-title":"Experimental Study of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells in Vitro","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Traditional Patent Med."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"902","article-title":"Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide Down-Regulates Survivin Protein Expression and Induces HeLa Cell Apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Traditional Patent Med."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"105","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Anti-Tumor Effect and Mechanism of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Tong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chin. Pharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"1233","article-title":"The Effection of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lab. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"683","article-title":"Extraction of Acanthopanacis Senticosi Polysaccharides and Their Antioxidative Effect","volume":"43","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ. Inf. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.055","article-title":"Protective Effects of Acanthopanax Polysaccharides on Cerebral Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury and Its Mechanisms","volume":"72","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"681","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on H2O2 Induced Apoptosis of Rat Hippocampal Neurons","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.143","article-title":"Antioxidant and Immunobiological Activity of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide Fractions Purified from Acanthopanax Senticosu","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"350","article-title":"The Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on the Expression of NF-\u039ab in Hippocampal Neurons Injured by H2O2","volume":"15","author":"Diao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effects of Acanthopanacis Senticosi Polysaccharides on Expression of INOS MRNA in Hippocampal Neurons Damaged by Oxidative Stress","volume":"19","author":"Diao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Military Medical Journal South China"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.3182","article-title":"Different Solvent Fractions of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms Exert Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Inhibit the Human Kv1.3 Channel","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"2947","article-title":"Modulation Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharides through Inflammatory Cytokines in Protecting Immunological Liver-Injured Mice [Article in Chinese]","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.10.007","article-title":"Isofraxidin Protects Mice from LPS Challenge by Inhibiting Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Alleviating Histopathological Changes","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9880-7","article-title":"Eleutheroside E Ameliorates Arthritis Severity in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice Model by Suppressing Inflammatory Cytokine Release","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"338","article-title":"Immunoregulatory Effect of Polysaccharide of Acanthopanax Senticosus (PAS). I. Immunological Mechanism of PAS against Cancer [Article in Chinese]","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"289","article-title":"Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Immune Function Reconstruction in Mice with Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Xie","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Beijing Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide (ASPS) on Immune Function of Mice","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chin. Patent Med."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"120","article-title":"Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Immune Function of Normal Mice","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Anim. Sci. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"137","article-title":"Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Lymphocyte Transformation Rate and Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets in Normal Mice","volume":"42","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Henan Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Immune Function of Mice","volume":"37","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Traditional Chin. Med. Inf."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"863","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Acidic Polysaccharides in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunological J."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13659","article-title":"Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immunity, Blood Parameters and Expression of pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Genes in Challenged Weaned Piglets","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"17","article-title":"Study on Cell K562 Apoptosis Induced by Acanthopanax Senticosus In Vitro","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hebei North Univ. (Med. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"557","article-title":"Modulation of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharides on Expression of IL-2,IL-4, INF-\u03b3 Cytokines, and MRNA in BALB\/c Immunological Liver-Injured Mice","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Eval. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Yang, X.D. (2016). Protective Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide on Immune Liver Injury in Mice, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6522","article-title":"Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharide Regulates the Intestinal Homeostasis Disruption Induced by Toxic Chemicals in Drosophila","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"823","article-title":"Investigation of Protective Effect of Acanthopanax Senticosus Polysaccharides on Immunological Liver Injury in Mice by Metabolomics Methods","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Chin. Med. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.111969","article-title":"Mass Spectrometry-Based Urinary Metabolomics for the Investigation on the Mechanism of Action of Eleutherococcus Senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. Leaves against Ischemic Stroke in Rats","volume":"241","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.10.055","article-title":"Acanthopanax Senticosides B Ameliorates Oxidative Damage Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes","volume":"627","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Cheng, C., Baranenko, D., Wang, J., Li, Y., and Lu, W. (2018). Effects of Acanthopanax Senticosus on Brain Injury Induced by Simulated Spatial Radiation in Mouse Model Based on Pharmacokinetics and Comparative Proteomics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010159"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/12\/2512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:48:36Z","timestamp":1760032116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/12\/2512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30122512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30122512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]}}}