{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:40:27Z","timestamp":1793263227878,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Field Projects of the Guangdong Province Key Construction Discipline Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["2022ZDIS138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDIS138"]}]},{"name":"Key Field Projects of the Guangdong Province Key Construction Discipline Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["2022ZDZX2064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX2064"]}]},{"name":"Key Field Projects of the Guangdong Province Key Construction Discipline Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["2220004003125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2220004003125"]}]},{"name":"Key Field Projects of the Guangdong Province Key Construction Discipline Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["2320004002813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2320004002813"]}]},{"name":"Key Field Projects of the Guangdong Province Key Construction Discipline Research Capacity Enhancement Project","award":["S202313684028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202313684028"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["2022ZDIS138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDIS138"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["2022ZDZX2064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX2064"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["2220004003125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2220004003125"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["2320004002813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2320004002813"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Education","award":["S202313684028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202313684028"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["2022ZDIS138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDIS138"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["2022ZDZX2064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX2064"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["2220004003125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2220004003125"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["2320004002813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2320004002813"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["S202313684028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202313684028"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["2022ZDIS138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDIS138"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["2022ZDZX2064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZDZX2064"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["2220004003125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2220004003125"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["2320004002813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2320004002813"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["S202313684028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202313684028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides derived from the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica, polysaccharides (IRPs-H) were extracted using hot water extraction and further purified via DEAE-52 ion-exchange chromatography, yielding three fractions: IRPs-H1, IRPs-H2, and IRPs-H3. The structural features of these fractions were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their immunological activities were evaluated in vitro. All three fractions were identified as neutral pyranose-type polysaccharides, primarily composed of glucose and xylose, exhibiting good thermal stability and lacking long-chain structures. In vitro assays using RAW264.7 macrophages demonstrated that these polysaccharides promoted cell proliferation (50\u2013800 \u03bcg\/mL), enhanced phagocytic activity, and induced morphological changes characteristic of macrophage activation, including irregular shapes and pseudopod formation. ELISA and flow cytometry analyses revealed dose-dependent increases in nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Notably, the IRPs-H3 fraction stimulated TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 production to levels of 438.02 \u00b1 14.14 pg\/mL and 30.13 \u00b1 1.27 pg\/mL, respectively, which were comparable to those induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the positive control (460.83 \u00b1 16.10 pg\/mL and 31.87 \u00b1 1.72 pg\/mL, respectively). These results suggest that polysaccharides extracted from the rhizome of Imperata cylindrica possess significant immunostimulatory properties and hold potential for development as functional food ingredients or immune-enhancing agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30122635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:08:06Z","timestamp":1750219686000},"page":"2635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Chemical Profiling and Immunological Activity of Polysaccharides from the Rhizome of Imperata cylindrica Using Hot Water Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Meng-Ge","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.03.003","article-title":"The Structures and Biological Functions of Polysaccharides from Traditional Chinese Herbs","volume":"163","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, T., Yang, M., Ma, L., Liu, X., Ding, Q., Chai, G., Lu, Y., Wei, H., Zhang, S., and Ding, C. (2023). Structural Modification and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145416"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2005.10.005","article-title":"Botanical Polysaccharides: Macrophage Immunomodulation and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"6","author":"Schepetkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Yu, S., Long, T., Zhou, X., and Bao, Y. (2017). Astragalus Polysaccharides Exerts Immunomodulatory Effects via TLR4-Mediated MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Vitro and in Vivo. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44822"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122530","article-title":"A Fructan-Type Garlic Polysaccharide Upregulates Immune Responses in Macrophage Cells and in Immunosuppressive Mice","volume":"344","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i5.10","article-title":"Specificity of the Immunomodulating Activity of Sasa Veitchii (Japanese Folk Medicine Kumazasa) to Fungal Polysaccharides","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, M.-R., Lee, J.H., Lee, J.A., Kim, M.J., Park, H.-J., Park, B.W., Seo, S.B., and Roh, S.-S. (2021). Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phellinus Linteus Mycelium. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03441-9"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, Y.-K., and Shin, D. (2021). Imperata cylindrica: A Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Industrial Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051454"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1871","article-title":"[Chemical Constituents of Rhizoma Imperatae and Their Anti-Complementary Activity]","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhong Yao Cai = Zhongyaocai = J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Yin, S., Yu, Z., Feng, Y., Wei, K., Ma, W., Ge, L., Yan, Z., and Zhu, R. (2018). Preliminary Characterization, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Taishan Pinus Massoniana Pollen. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020281"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi, S., Yan, W., Wei, L., Xiong, X., Tian, Y., Lu, Q., and Mu, L. (2025). Structural Characterization and Hypoglycemic Activity of a Polysaccharide from Imperatae Rhizoma. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 308.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142654"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2342","article-title":"[Protective Effects of Different Extracts of Imperatae Rhizoma in Rats with Adriamycin Nephrosis and Influence on Expression of TGF-\u03921, and NF-\u03baB P65]","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhong Yao Cai = Zhongyaocai = J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jee, W., Ko, H.M., Park, D.-I., Park, Y.-R., Park, S.-M., Kim, H., Na, Y.-C., Jung, J.H., and Jang, H.-J. (2023). Momordicae Semen Inhibits Migration and Induces Apoptotic Cell Death by Regulating C-Myc and CNOT2 in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39840-w"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.-H., Ju, X.-Y., Wang, K.-W., Chen, X.-J., Sun, H.-X., and Cheng, K.-J. (2022). Structure Characterization, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharide from Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131834"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Q., He, Z., Ding, Y., and Sun, L. (2023). Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Quality and Nonvolatile Flavor Components of Oudemansiella Raphanipes. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12030676"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., Lai, Z., Hu, X., Wang, L., Wang, X., Li, Z., Gao, M., Yang, Y., and Wang, Q. (2024). Effect of Monosaccharide Composition and Proportion on the Bioactivity of Polysaccharides: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127955"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, W., Yang, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., and Yang, D. (2022). The Chemical Profiling and Anticancer Potential of Functional Polysaccharides from Flos Sophorae Immaturus. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185978"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121064","article-title":"Structural Analysis and Attenuates Hyperuricemic Nephropathy of Dextran from the Imperata cylindrica Beauv. Var. Major (Nees) C. E. Hubb","volume":"317","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2023.105592","article-title":"Basic Characterization, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Sea Buckthorn Leaves","volume":"169","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011114","article-title":"Potential Health Benefits of Combining Yogurt and Fruits Based on Their Probiotic and Prebiotic Properties","volume":"8","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Tian, S., Shu, X., Du, H., Li, N., and Wang, J. (2016). Extraction, Characterization and Immunological Activity of Polysaccharides from Rhizoma Gastrodiae. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071011"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Li, H., Qian, J., He, Y., Zheng, J., Lu, Z., Xu, Z., and Shi, J. (2016). Structural and Immunological Activity Characterization of a Polysaccharide Isolated from Meretrix Meretrix Linnaeus. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14010006"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, X., Wu, S., Wang, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, H. (2024). Unraveling the Web of Defense: The Crucial Role of Polysaccharides in Immunity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1406213"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sha, A., and Li, Y. (2025). Preparation, Structural Characterization, Bioactivities, and Potential Clinical Applications of the Polysaccharides from Paris Polyphylla: A Review. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1539237"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.H., Zhu, Y.Y., Gu, F.T., and Wu, J.Y. (2023). Efficient Isolation of Immunostimulatory Polysaccharides from Lentinula Edodes by Autoclaving-Ultrasonication Extraction and Fractional Precipitation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124216"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Yang, Y., Tan, H.-Y., Li, S., and Feng, Y. (2020). Protective Actions of Acidic Hydrolysates of Polysaccharide Extracted from Mactra Veneriformis against Chemical-Induced Acute Liver Damage. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00446"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Zhou, X., Sheng, L., Zhang, D., Zheng, X., Pan, Y., Yu, X., Liang, X., Wang, Q., and Wang, B. (2023). Effect of Ultrasonic Degradation on the Structural Feature, Physicochemical Property and Bioactivity of Plant and Microbial Polysaccharides: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 236.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123924"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, F., Lin, P., Yu, W.-Q., Shen, N., Li, Y., and Guo, S.-D. (2021). The Cordyceps Militaris-Derived Polysaccharide CM1 Alleviates Atherosclerosis in LDLR(-\/-) Mice by Improving Hyperlipidemia. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.783807"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2021-0454","article-title":"Optimization of Water-Based Ultrasonic-Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE) of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia Mangostana Pericarp","volume":"19","author":"Kwansang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2024.106918","article-title":"Extraction of Pithecellobium Clypearia Benth Polysaccharides by Dual-Frequency Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activities","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12072","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08385","article-title":"Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P., Chen, L., Huang, X., Xiao, F., Fu, L., Jing, D., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Sun, L., and Wu, Y. (2022). Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia Jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911279"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.189","article-title":"Structure and Bioactivity of Polysaccharide from a Subseafloor Strain of Schizophyllum Commune 20R-7-F01","volume":"222","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Jia, Y., Xue, Z., Li, N., Liu, J., and Chen, H. (2021). Recent Developments in Inonotus Obliquus (Chaga mushroom) Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Application. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091441"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, L., Qiu, H., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Weng, L., Zhong, W., and Meng, F. (2023). Exploring the Potential of Ume-Derived Proanthocyanidins: Novel Applications for Blueberry Preservation. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1265993"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lian, J., Zheng, Q., Wang, L., Wang, Y., and Yang, D. (2022). Composition Analysis and Prebiotics Properties of Polysaccharides Extracted from Lepista Sordida Submerged Cultivation Mycelium. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1077322"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., and Huang, G. (2021). Preparation, Structure and Activity of Polysaccharide Phosphate Esters. Biomed. Pharmacother., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112332"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.118","article-title":"Characterization and immunological activity of polysaccharides from Potentilla chinensis","volume":"165","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109345","article-title":"Purification, Characterization, Antioxidant and Immunological Activity of Polysaccharide from Sagittaria sagittifolia L","volume":"136","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, W., Wang, S., Zhao, J., and Li, S. (2020). Effects of Extraction Methods on Immunology Activity and Chemical Profiles of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 185.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113219"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., and Fu, X. (2023). Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidative and Immunoregulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Flower of Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton et Rose. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 251.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126408"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/12\/2635\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:53:59Z","timestamp":1760032439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/12\/2635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30122635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30122635","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}}}