{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:18:59Z","timestamp":1790216339928,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC22M0240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC22M0120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20M0108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20M0108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"Idaho Space Grant Consortium","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC22M0240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"Idaho Space Grant Consortium","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC22M0120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC22M0120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"Idaho Space Grant Consortium","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20M0108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20M0108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial adhesion and the subsequent formation of biofilms and biofouling have significant economic and health impacts across all sectors. They are especially impactful in industrial corrosion, healthcare, food processing, agriculture, and waste and drinking water. Synthetic polymers that resist bacterial adhesion are adaptable to a wide range of applications in all of these fields. While there are many bacteria-resistant polymers, some of the best performing include polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(oxazoline) (POZ), and zwitterionic polymers, with zwitterionic polymers showing the most promise with reductions in bacteria adhesion up to 99% over controls. This review summarizes the demonstrated bacterial resistance performance of these polymer coatings based on literature published over the last ten years. It also identifies the front runners for preventing bacterial adhesion while providing the critical next steps for widespread adoption of this technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T04:37:21Z","timestamp":1750739841000},"page":"2710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Review of Recent Progress in Synthetic Polymer Surface Coatings for the Prevention of Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2400-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne","family":"Shea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Bernards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1mara, M., Green, W., MacPhee, C.E., Rakowska, P.D., Raval, R., Richardson, M.C., Slater-Jefferies, J., Steventon, K., and Webb, J.S. (2022). Economic significance of biofilms: A multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral challenge. npj Biofilms Microbiomes, 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00306-y"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.121971","article-title":"Synthesis of surface-anchored stable zwitterionic films for inhibition of biofouling","volume":"239","author":"Shafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0006-2017","article-title":"Resistance of Bacteria to Biocides","volume":"6","author":"Maillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13207","article-title":"Combatting biofilms in potable water systems: A comprehensive overview to ensuring industrial water safety","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00767-0","article-title":"The biofilm life cycle: Expanding the conceptual model of biofilm formation","volume":"20","author":"Sauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705","article-title":"Biofilms as Complex Differentiated Communities","volume":"56","author":"Stoodley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-007-0234-4","article-title":"Bacterial cell attachment, the beginning of a biofilm","volume":"34","author":"Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Geesey, G.G., Lewandowski, Z., and Flemming, H.-C. (1994). Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems, Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Walker, J., Surman, S., and Jass, J. (2000). Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention, and Control, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.4103\/2321-3868.113329","article-title":"Biofilm delays wound healing: A review of the evidence","volume":"1","author":"Metcalf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51034","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and persistence\u2014Implications for human health and treatment perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.1.20","article-title":"The prevalence of biofilms in chronic wounds: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published data","volume":"26","author":"Malone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2016.03.002","article-title":"Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies","volume":"2","author":"Fastenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Otorhinolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12688","article-title":"Dental biofilm infections\u2014An update","volume":"125","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku247","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of prosthetic joint infections","volume":"69","author":"Lamagni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-015-1148-6","article-title":"Biofilm, pathogenesis and prevention\u2014A journey to break the wall: A review","volume":"198","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.12.001","article-title":"Biofilm formation in food industries: A food safety concern","volume":"31","author":"Srey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X., Nakatsu, C.H., and Bhunia, A.K. (2021). Bacterial Biofilms and Their Implications in Pathogenesis and Food Safety. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092117"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, M.D., Pires, S.M., Black, R.E., Caipo, M., Crump, J.A., Devleesschauwer, B., D\u00f6pfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-Walker, C.L., and Hald, T. (2015). World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001940"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-5067-4","article-title":"Irrigation waters and pipe-based biofilms as sources for antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"188","author":"Blaustein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis861","article-title":"Infection Prevention and Control During Prolonged Human Space Travel","volume":"56","author":"Mermel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-5765(99)00069-7","article-title":"Biological induced corrosion of materials II: New test methods and experiences from mir station","volume":"44","author":"Klintworth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdei-Tombor, P., Kisk\u00f3, G., and Taczman-Br\u00fcckner, A. (2024). Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Systems. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12020280"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133815","article-title":"Current status and future prospects of sewer biofilms: Their structure, influencing factors, and substance transformations","volume":"695","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017019","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000766","article-title":"Failure Impact Analysis of Isolation Valves in a Water Distribution Network","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.190676","article-title":"Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116922","article-title":"Influence of pipe materials on the microbial community in unchlorinated drinking water and biofilm","volume":"194","author":"Learbuch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0289","article-title":"Monitoring biofilm formation and activity in drinking water distribution networks under oligotrophic conditions","volume":"47","author":"Martiny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1039\/C2RA22243D","article-title":"Biofilms in drinking water: Problems and solutions","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemdan, B.A., El-Taweel, G.E., Goswami, P., Pant, D., and Sevda, S. (2021). The role of biofilm in the development and dissemination of ubiquitous pathogens in drinking water distribution systems: An overview of surveillance, outbreaks, and prevention. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 37.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-021-03008-3"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x","article-title":"Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms","volume":"43","author":"Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.05.009","article-title":"Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens","volume":"214","author":"Wingender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_22","article-title":"UV Disinfection of Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows","volume":"996","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.039","article-title":"Point-of-use water disinfection using ultraviolet and visible light-emitting diodes","volume":"553","author":"Lui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2018.10.012","article-title":"Review of microbial resistance to chronic ionizing radiation exposure under environmental conditions","volume":"196","author":"Shuryak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verderosa, A.D., Totsika, M., and Fairfull-Smith, K.E. (2019). Bacterial Biofilm Eradication Agents: A Current Review. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00824"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.09.028","article-title":"Effect of mechanical stress on biofilms challenged by different chemicals","volume":"39","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1205\/fbp06022","article-title":"Control of Flow-Generated Biofilms with Surfactants: Evidence of Resistance and Recovery","volume":"84","author":"Machado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zea, L., McLean, R.J.C., Rook, T.A., Angle, G., Carter, D.L., Delegard, A., Denvir, A., Gerlach, R., Gorti, S., and McIlwaine, D. (2020). Potential biofilm control strategies for extended spaceflight missions. Biofilm, 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2020.100026"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2010.495772","article-title":"Efficacy of various chemical disinfectants on biofilms formed in spacecraft potable water system components","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50521a042","article-title":"Elemental Iodine as a Disinfectant for Drinking Water","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mettler, M.K., Parker, C.W., Venkateswaran, K., and Peyton, B.M. (2022). Antimicrobial Coating Efficacy for Prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Growth on ISS Water System Materials. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.874236"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201001215","article-title":"Antifouling Coatings: Recent Developments in the Design of Surfaces That Prevent Fouling by Proteins, Bacteria, and Marine Organisms","volume":"23","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akshaya, S., Rowlo, P.K., Dukle, A., and Nathanael, A.J. (2022). Antibacterial Coatings for Titanium Implants: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121719"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.08.005","article-title":"Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.08.012","article-title":"Tethering antimicrobial peptides: Current status and potential challenges","volume":"29","author":"Onaizi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11005","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c01856","article-title":"A New Antibacterial N-Halamine Coating Based on Polydopamine","volume":"36","author":"Nazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17814","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b03464","article-title":"Rechargeable Antibacterial N-Halamine Films with Antifouling Function for Food Packaging Applications","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1021\/bm301980q","article-title":"Antimicrobial N-Halamine Polymers and Coatings: A Review of Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"14","author":"Hui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2015.05.014","article-title":"Fluorinated and un-fluorinated N-halamines as antimicrobial and biofilm-controlling additives for polymers","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.12.027","article-title":"An N-halamine-based rechargeable antimicrobial and biofilm controlling polyurethane","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.09.019","article-title":"Quorum sensing and quenching in membrane bioreactors: Opportunities and challenges for biofouling control","volume":"270","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0019-2015","article-title":"Chemical Biology Strategies for Biofilm Control","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobsen, T.H., Tolker-Nielsen, T., and Givskov, M. (2017). Bacterial Biofilm Control by Perturbation of Bacterial Signaling Processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091970"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1794815","article-title":"Quorum quenching enzymes and their effects on virulence, biofilm, and microbiomes: A review of recent advances","volume":"18","author":"Sikdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10349-w","article-title":"Prevention of biofilm formation by quorum quenching","volume":"104","author":"Paluch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.08.062","article-title":"Advanced oxidation and disinfection processes for onsite net-zero greywater reuse: A review","volume":"125","author":"Gassie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/08927019509378291","article-title":"Removal of Burkholderia cepacia biofilms with oxidants","volume":"9","author":"Koenig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.10.060","article-title":"Extractive biofilm membrane bioreactor with energy recovery from excess aeration and new membrane fouling control","volume":"102","author":"Phattaranawik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2017.1359574","article-title":"Measuring a critical stress for continuous prevention of marine biofouling accumulation with aeration","volume":"33","author":"Menesses","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2009.12.008","article-title":"A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies","volume":"43","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105787","article-title":"Mitigation of biofouling in agricultural water distribution systems with nanobubbles","volume":"141","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., An, T., Li, X., Zou, J., Lin, Z., Gu, J., Hu, R., and Fang, Z. (2024). Genomic analysis of Ralstonia pickettii reveals the genetic features for potential pathogenicity and adaptive evolution in drinking water. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272636"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-1066-9","article-title":"Biofouling in water systems\u2014Cases, causes and countermeasures","volume":"59","author":"Flemming","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.643722","article-title":"Implication of Surface Properties, Bacterial Motility, and Hydrodynamic Conditions on Bacterial Surface Sensing and Their Initial Adhesion","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010601136957","article-title":"Engineered antifouling microtopographies\u2014Effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva","volume":"23","author":"Schumacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.10.005","article-title":"Physico-chemistry from initial bacterial adhesion to surface-programmed biofilm growth","volume":"261","author":"Carniello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4144-7","article-title":"Efficient surface modification of biomaterial to prevent biofilm formation and the attachment of microorganisms","volume":"95","author":"Bazaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.12.024","article-title":"Plasma-assisted surface modification of organic biopolymers to prevent bacterial attachment","volume":"7","author":"Bazaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.10.036","article-title":"Review of titanium surface modification techniques and coatings for antibacterial applications","volume":"83","author":"Chouirfa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.01.071","article-title":"The influence of nano-scale surface roughness on bacterial adhesion to ultrafine-grained titanium","volume":"31","author":"Truong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9225","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b16715","article-title":"Surface Topography Hinders Bacterial Surface Motility","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutey, A.H.A., Gemini, L., Romoli, L., Lazzini, G., Fuso, F., Faucon, M., and Kling, R. (2018). Towards Laser-Textured Antibacterial Surfaces. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28454-2"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.13.63","article-title":"Nanotechnology Tools for Antibacterial Materials","volume":"8","author":"Rizzello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-575","article-title":"Molecular response of Escherichia coli adhering onto nanoscale topography","volume":"7","author":"Rizzello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2012.06.015","article-title":"Surface topographical factors influencing bacterial attachment","volume":"179\u2013182","author":"Crawford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1205\/fbp06035","article-title":"The Effect of Surface Topography on the Retention of Microorganisms","volume":"84","author":"Whitehead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008874326324","article-title":"The influence of substratum topography on bacterial adhesion to polymethylmethacrylate","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitik-Dineva, N., Wang, J., Stoddart, P.R., Crawford, R.J., and Ivanova, E.P. (2008, January 25\u201329). Nano-structured surfaces control bacterial attachment. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONN.2008.4639259"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-008-9320-8","article-title":"Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus attachment patterns on glass surfaces with nanoscale roughness","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.06.015","article-title":"Modification of the surfaces of medical devices to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation","volume":"85","author":"Desrousseaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-024-00423-5","article-title":"A review of advances & potential of applying nanomaterials for biofilm inhibition","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5605","DOI":"10.1021\/la010384m","article-title":"A Survey of Structure\u2212Property Relationships of Surfaces that Resist the Adsorption of Protein","volume":"17","author":"Ostuni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Wagner, W.R. (2020). Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820251211","article-title":"Protein adsorption to poly(ethylene oxide) surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Gombotz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J.M. (1992). Water Structure of PEG Solutions by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Measurements. Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0703-5"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.045443","article-title":"Interaction forces and morphology of a protein-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) layer","volume":"88","author":"Heuberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800185y","article-title":"Nonfouling Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated, Two-Component Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization","volume":"41","author":"Bernards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB02597J","article-title":"Surfaces with antifouling-antimicrobial dual function via immobilization of lysozyme on zwitterionic polymer thin films","volume":"10","author":"Khlyustova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1021\/ma060073o","article-title":"Ultrathin Patterned Polymer Films on Surfaces Using Thiol\u2212Ene Polymerizations","volume":"39","author":"Khire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1021\/ma8008965","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Cleavage of Surface-Bound Linear Polymers Formed Using Thiol\u2212Ene Photopolymerizations","volume":"41","author":"Khire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b11305","article-title":"Robust Thick Polymer Brushes Grafted from Gold Surfaces Using Bidentate Thiol-Based Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiators","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB02140A","article-title":"Biocompatible and antifouling coating of cell membrane phosphorylcholine and mussel catechol modified multi-arm PEGs","volume":"3","author":"Dang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.06.034","article-title":"Quantitative fabrication, performance optimization and comparison of PEG and zwitterionic polymer antifouling coatings","volume":"59","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108803","article-title":"Factors influencing initial bacterial adhesion to antifouling surfaces studied by single-cell force spectroscopy","volume":"27","author":"Reches","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05992","article-title":"Antifouling Thin-Film Composite Membranes by Controlled Architecture of Zwitterionic Polymer Brush Layer","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.01.018","article-title":"Dual-function antibacterial surfaces for biomedical applications","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2013.09.021","article-title":"Preparation of antifouling polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP 40K) modified polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for water purification","volume":"67\u201369","author":"Vatsha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14573","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c02329","article-title":"Amphiphilic Marine Antifouling Coatings Based on a Hydrophilic Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Hydrophobic Fluorine\u2013Silicon-Containing Block Copolymer","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1021\/la304511s","article-title":"Dual Functionality of Antimicrobial and Antifouling of Poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide)\/Salicylate Hydrogels","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., He, S., Liu, H., Shou, Z., Huo, K., Xiang, H., Feng, A., Lu, W., and Li, N. (2024). A green, versatile, and facile strategy for anti-biofouling surface with ultra-high graft density polyethylene glycol. J. Nanobiotechnol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03026-x"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c00481","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired Copolyether Loop with Superior Antifouling Behavior","volume":"53","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB01014K","article-title":"A high efficiency approach for a titanium surface antifouling modification: PEG-o-quinone linked with titanium via electron transfer process","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199902)44:2<130::AID-JBM2>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Human plasma fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adhesion to polystyrene","volume":"44","author":"Tsai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shea, A., Harvey, K., Keeley, A., Johnson, H., Hansen, N., McCormack, R., Stelck, K., Lindsay, T., Bryant, A., and Bernards, M.T. (2025). Payload Design and Evaluation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Adhesion to Nonfouling Polyampholyte Coatings Onboard the International Space Station. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040836"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, N., Bryant, A., McCormack, R., Johnson, H., Lindsay, T., Stelck, K., and Bernards, M.T. (2021). Assessment of the performance of nonfouling polymer hydrogels utilizing citizen scientists. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261817"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14346","DOI":"10.1021\/jp307588b","article-title":"Nonfouling Hydrogels Formed from Charged Monomer Subunits","volume":"116","author":"Dobbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201304060","article-title":"Integrated Antimicrobial and Nonfouling Zwitterionic Polymers","volume":"53","author":"Mi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buxadera-Palomero, J., Alb\u00f3, K., Gil, F.J., Mas-Moruno, C., and Rodr\u00edguez, D. (2020). Polyethylene Glycol Pulsed Electrodeposition for the Development of Antifouling Coatings on Titanium. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10050456"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1039\/D2PY00478J","article-title":"Grafting density and antifouling properties of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] brushes prepared by \u201cgrafting to\u201d and \u201cgrafting from\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1021\/la803690q","article-title":"Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)acrylamide) Brushes by Surface Initiated Polymerization: Effect of Macromonomer Chain Length on Brush Growth and Protein Adsorption from Blood Plasma","volume":"25","author":"Kizhakkedathu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00751","article-title":"Poly(2-oxazoline)s One-Pot Polymerization and Surface Coating: From Synthesis to Antifouling Properties Out-Performing Poly(ethylene oxide)","volume":"20","author":"Svoboda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7765(03)00180-2","article-title":"Stainless steel modified with poly(ethylene glycol) can prevent protein adsorption but not bacterial adhesion","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10949","DOI":"10.1021\/la048469l","article-title":"Microbial Adhesion to Poly(ethylene oxide) Brushes:\u2009 Influence of Polymer Chain Length and Temperature","volume":"20","author":"Roosjen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.05.041","article-title":"Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c00114","article-title":"Enhanced Biocompatibility of Polyampholyte Hydrogels","volume":"36","author":"Haag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.09.067","article-title":"Functionalizable and nonfouling zwitterionic carboxybetaine hydrogels with a carboxybetaine dimethacrylate crosslinker","volume":"32","author":"Carr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1021\/bc200049d","article-title":"Polyoxazoline: Chemistry, Properties, and Applications in Drug Delivery","volume":"22","author":"Viegas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2001382","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001382","article-title":"Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update","volume":"10","author":"Zahoranova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7978","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200901607","article-title":"Poly(2-oxazoline)s: A Polymer Class with Numerous Potential Applications","volume":"48","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6288","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200902672","article-title":"Poly(ethylene glycol) in Drug Delivery: Pros and Cons as Well as Potential Alternatives","volume":"49","author":"Knop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200600558","article-title":"Poly(2-oxazoline)s: Alive and Kicking","volume":"208","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2023.107993","article-title":"A recent state of art on polyoxazoline-containing antifouling coatings for biological and environmental applications","volume":"186","author":"Arsenie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6354","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b00330","article-title":"Antibiofouling Properties of Plasma-Deposited Oxazoline-Based Thin Films","volume":"8","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC00260E","article-title":"Plasma polymerised polyoxazoline thin films for biomedical applications","volume":"51","author":"Ramiasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900104","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201900104","article-title":"Deposition of 2-oxazoline-based plasma polymer coatings using atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet","volume":"16","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.27912","article-title":"Efficient and robust coatings using poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and its copolymers for marine and bacterial fouling prevention","volume":"54","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.10.031","article-title":"Stable pH responsive layer-by-layer assemblies of partially hydrolysed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(acrylic acid) for effective prevention of protein, cell and bacteria surface attachment","volume":"161","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14429","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02872","article-title":"Healable Antifouling Films Composed of Partially Hydrolyzed Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Poly(acrylic acid)","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.106116","article-title":"Poly(oxazoline) for the design of amphiphilic silicone coatings","volume":"153","author":"Portier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2014.938976","article-title":"Polyampholyte polymers as a versatile zwitterionic biomaterial platform","volume":"25","author":"Bernards","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chphma.2022.04.003","article-title":"Structures, properties, and applications of zwitterionic polymers","volume":"1","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemPhysMater"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.08.051","article-title":"Structure of water at zwitterionic copolymer film\u2013liquid water interfaces as examined by the sum frequency generation method","volume":"113","author":"Kondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.07.072","article-title":"Water structure at the interfaces between a zwitterionic self-assembled monolayer\/liquid water evaluated by sum-frequency generation spectroscopy","volume":"135","author":"Nomura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00950","article-title":"Electrostatic Adsorption Behavior of Zwitterionic Copolymers on Negatively Charged Surfaces","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Wei, X., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Yang, T., and Chen, S. (2022). Recent Advances in Mechanical Reinforcement of Zwitterionic Hydrogels. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8090580"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8831","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200803570","article-title":"A switchable biocompatible polymer surface with self-sterilizing and nonfouling capabilities","volume":"47","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.05.058","article-title":"Zwitterionic carboxybetaine polymer surfaces and their resistance to long-term biofilm formation","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200901407","article-title":"Ultralow-Fouling, Functionalizable, and Hydrolyzable Zwitterionic Materials and Their Derivatives for Biological Applications","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c00263","article-title":"Bioinspired Phosphorylcholine Coating for Surface Functionalization of Interventional Biomedical Implants with Bacterial Resistance and Anti-Encrustation Properties","volume":"38","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassani, M., Kamankesh, M., Rad-Malekshahi, M., Rostamizadeh, K., Rezaee, F., Haririan, I., and Daghighi, S.M. (2024). Biomaterials coated with zwitterionic polymer brush demonstrated significant resistance to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in comparison to brush coatings incorporated with antibiotics. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 234.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113671"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7866","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01329","article-title":"Amino Acid-Based Zwitterionic Polymer Surfaces Highly Resist Long-Term Bacterial Adhesion","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300873","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202300873","article-title":"Spacer Effects in Sulfo- and Sulfabetaine Polymers on Their Resistance against Proteins and Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Kopecz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900286","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201900286","article-title":"Clickable Zwitterionic Copolymer as a Universal Biofilm-Resistant Coating","volume":"304","author":"Wijitamornloet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.12.075","article-title":"Zwitterionic bi-continuous membranes from a phosphobetaine copolymer\/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend via VIPS for biofouling mitigation","volume":"550","author":"Venault","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, M., Li, J., Wang, H., Xu, X., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, J., and Li, X. (2024). Development of anti-bacterial adhesion and antibacterial sulfobetaines modified chitosan\/polyvinyl alcohol composite films as packaging materials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129465"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16938","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b05162","article-title":"Development of Robust and Recoverable Ultralow-Fouling Coatings Based on Poly(carboxybetaine) Ester Analogue","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46860","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46860","article-title":"Effects of the morphology of sulfobetaine zwitterionic layers grafted onto a silicone surface on improving the hydrophilic stability, anti-bacterial adhesion properties, and biocompatibility","volume":"135","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201152","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202201152","article-title":"Bacteriophobic Zwitterionic\/Dopamine Coatings for Medical Elastomers","volume":"9","author":"Cabanach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.04.184","article-title":"Synthesis of efficient bacterial adhesion-resistant coatings by one-step polydopamine-assisted deposition of branched polyethylenimine-g-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) copolymers","volume":"450","author":"Ran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2021.106552","article-title":"Rapid fabrication of zwitterionic coating on 316L stainless steel surface for marine biofouling resistance","volume":"161","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2017.10.040","article-title":"A combined polymerization and self-assembling process for the fouling mitigation of PVDF membranes","volume":"547","author":"Venault","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01147","article-title":"Photograftable Zwitterionic Coatings Prevent Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Adhesion to PDMS Surfaces","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.07.046","article-title":"Ultrafiltration membranes with markedly different pH- and ion-responsivity by photografted zwitterionic polysulfobetain or polycarbobetain","volume":"494","author":"Birkner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6956","DOI":"10.1021\/jp503473u","article-title":"Differences in Cationic and Anionic Charge Densities Dictate Zwitterionic Associations and Stimuli Responses","volume":"118","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.03.006","article-title":"Electrolyte-responsive polyethersulfone membranes with zwitterionic polyethersulfone-based copolymers as additive","volume":"510","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5323","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ00039E","article-title":"Ionic strength- and thermo-responsive polyethersulfone composite membranes with enhanced antifouling properties","volume":"42","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/13\/2710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:57:30Z","timestamp":1760032650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/13\/2710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30132710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30132710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]}}}