{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:13:57Z","timestamp":1790453637695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Ireland","award":["19\/FFP\/6882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/FFP\/6882"]}]},{"name":"Research Ireland","award":["22\/NCF\/HE\/11252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/NCF\/HE\/11252"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission Recovery and Resilience Facility under the Research Ireland Healthy Environment for All Challenge","award":["19\/FFP\/6882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/FFP\/6882"]}]},{"name":"EU Commission Recovery and Resilience Facility under the Research Ireland Healthy Environment for All Challenge","award":["22\/NCF\/HE\/11252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/NCF\/HE\/11252"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents the synthesis, characterisation, photophysical properties, time-resolved spectroscopic behaviour, and biological evaluation of two structurally distinct heavy-atom-free BODIPY-anthracene dyads (BDP-1) and the newly designed 2,6-bis[1-(tert-butyl) 4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl) piperazine-1,4-dicarboxylate] BODIPY-anthracene (BDP-2), incorporating 2,6-alkynyl-piperazine substituents for potential application in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. BDP-1 exhibits absorption and emission maxima at 507 nm and 516 nm, respectively, with a Stokes shift of 344 cm\u22121 in dichloromethane (DCM), characteristic of unsubstituted BODIPYs. In contrast, BDP-2 undergoes a red-shift in the absorption maximum to 552 nm (Stokes shift of 633 cm\u22121), which is attributed to the extended conjugation from the introduction of the alkyne groups. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy confirmed efficient spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing, and nanosecond transient absorption studies confirmed the formation of a long-lived triplet state for BDP-2 (up to 138 \u00b5s in MeCN). A binding constant (Kb) of 9.6 \u00d7 104 M\u22121 was obtained for BDP-2 when titrated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is higher than comparable BODIPY derivatives. BDP-2 displayed improved hemocompatibility compared to BDP-1 (&lt;5% haemolysis of human erythrocytes up to 200 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121). Antimicrobial activity of BDP-1 and BDP-2 was most potent when irradiated at 370 nm compared to the other wavelengths employed. However, BDP-2 did not retain the potent (6 log) and rapid (within 15 min) eradication of Staphylococcus aureus achieved by BDP-1 under irradiation at 370 nm. These findings demonstrate the rational design of BDP-2 as a biocompatible, and heavy-atom-free BODIPY offering promise for targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T08:23:22Z","timestamp":1750839802000},"page":"2727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Photophysical Properties and Protein Binding Studies of Piperazine-Substituted Anthracene-BODIPY Dyads for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09W6Y4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09W6Y4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja","family":"Turza\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education and Research, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, D09YD60 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4843-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deirdre","family":"Fitzgerald-Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education and Research, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, D09YD60 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary T.","family":"Pryce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09W6Y4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, October 21). 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