{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T21:49:06Z","timestamp":1778363346017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","award":["BNW-1-043\/N\/3\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-043\/N\/3\/O"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","award":["PCN-1-013\/N\/1\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-013\/N\/1\/O"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When breastfeeding is not possible, infant formulas may be used instead of human milk. However, harmful advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) may be formed during thermal processing of infant formulas. The exposure to AGEs at such an early age can lead to chronic diseases in the future. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a sensitive method to determine the content of AGEs in infant formulas. Twenty commercial infant formulas (initial and follow-on) in liquid and powder form were investigated using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) with a multistep sample pretreatment procedure. Five selected glycation products were analyzed: N\u03b5-carboxyethyllysine (CEL), N\u03b5-carboxymethyllysine (CML), furosine, glyoxal lysine dimer (GOLD), and methylglyoxal lysine dimer (MOLD). The mean contents of the tested glycation products did not differ significantly between the initial and follow-on formulas. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of the analyzed compounds from different manufacturers. However, the liquid formulas contained significantly more CML. The estimated dietary exposure to the tested compounds was in the range of 42.5\u201392.6 \u03bcg\/day, except for furosine (almost 2 mg\/day). The developed method enabled the determination of selected AGEs in complex matrices such as infant formulas. Consumption of liquid infant formulas can result in higher exposure to some AGEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"2753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["LC-Orbitrap-MS\/MS Analysis of Chosen Glycation Products in Infant Formulas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Damasiewicz-Bodzek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szumska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Walig\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Pastuszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Stopi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Janoszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2014.18.1.1","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Complications","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. 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