{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:36:31Z","timestamp":1792805791257,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","award":["PPNT230823145247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPNT230823145247"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa under the SARChI Chair program","award":["PPNT230823145247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPNT230823145247"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) SIR Grant (Pradeep Kumar)","award":["PPNT230823145247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPNT230823145247"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q60vz69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bedaquiline is known to shorten the duration of therapy of tuberculosis but has limitations, e.g., poor solubility and adverse effects such as prolongation of the QT interval. In this study, bedaquiline was incorporated into an inherently targeted nanosystem for improved permeation of the drug, with ex vivo diffusion studies performed to investigate its penetration. The bedaquiline-loaded mannan\u2013chitosan oligosaccharide lactate nanoparticles were prepared by a one-step ionic gelation probe sonication method. A PermeGear 7-in-line flow-through diffusion system was used for the ex vivo diffusion studies across porcine and human pericardia. Bedaquiline-loaded nanoparticles with a particle size and potential of 192.4 nm and 40.5 mV, respectively, were obtained. The drug-loaded mannan\u2013chitosan nanoparticles had an encapsulation efficacy of 98.7% and drug loading of 0.6%. Diffusion data indicated a steady-state flux of 2.889 and 2.346 \u00b5g.cm\u22122.min\u22121 for porcine and human pericardia, respectively. The apparent permeability coefficients were calculated to be 2.66 \u00d7 10\u22124 cm.min\u22121 and 2.16 \u00d7 10\u22124 cm.min\u22121 for porcine and human pericardia, respectively. The lag phases were 52.72 min and 0 min for porcine and human pericardia, respectively. The drug permeation indicated a consistent and linear diffusion pattern across both porcine and human pericardia, additionally approving the porcine pericardium as a great comparable tissue to human tissue for pericardial studies. This study is the first to demonstrate ex vivo diffusion of bedaquiline-loaded, macrophage-targeted chitosan\u2013mannan nanoparticles across both human and porcine pericardia, representing a novel platform for disease-targeted, localized treatment of TB pericarditis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1751522493000},"page":"2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oligosaccharide Lactate Nanoparticles Enhance Tissue Targeting: A Case Study of the Controlled Delivery of Bedaquiline to Cardiac Tissue in TB Pericarditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4535-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simisola","family":"Ayodele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,  School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,  School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3868-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armorel","family":"van Eyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1693-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"van der Bijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcare Kuilsriver Hospital, Kuilsriver, 33 Van Riebeeck Road, Kuils River, Cape Town 7580, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya E.","family":"Choonara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,  School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"},{"name":"Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01172-0","article-title":"Extrapulmonary Tuberculos\u0131s: An Old but Resurgent Problem","volume":"13","author":"Baykan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacarapa, E., Munyangaju, I., Os\u00f3rio, D., Zindoga, P., Mutaquiha, C., Jose, B., Macuacua, A., Chongo, B., de-Almeida, M., and Verdu, M.-E. 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