{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:33:16Z","timestamp":1790710396361,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study investigates the chemical profiling, antioxidant activities, and enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxic potential of the water and methanolic extracts of different parts (flower, leaf, and bulb) of Muscari armeniacum. Chemical profiling was performed using UHPLC-MS\/MS. At the same time, different in vitro assays were employed to support the results for antioxidant potential, such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelation, and PBD, along with the measurement of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Enzyme inhibition was investigated for cholinesterase (AChE and BChE), \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, and tyrosinase enzymes. Additionally, the relative expression of NRF2, HMOX1, and YGS was evaluated by qPCR. LC-MS\/MS analysis indicated the presence of some significant compounds, including apigenin, muscaroside, hyacinthacine A, B, and C, and luteolin. According to the results, the highest TPC and TFC were obtained with both extracts of the leaves, followed by the water extract (flower) and methanolic extract of the bulb. In contrast, the methanolic extract from the bulb exhibited the highest antioxidant potential using DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP, followed by the extracts of leaves. In contrast, the leaf extracts had the highest values for the PBD assay and maximum chelation ability compared to other tested extracts. According to the enzyme inhibition studies, the methanolic extract from the bulb appeared to be the most potent inhibitor for all the tested enzymes, with the highest values obtained for AChE (1.96 \u00b1 0.05), BChE (2.19 \u00b1 0.33), \u03b1-amylase (0.56 \u00b1 0.02), \u03b1-glucosidase (2.32 \u00b1 0.01), and tyrosinase (57.19 \u00b1 0.87). Interestingly, the water extract from the bulb did not inhibit most of the tested enzymes. The relative expression of NRF2 based on qPCR analysis was considerably greater in the flower methanol extract compared to the other extracts (p &lt; 0.05). The relative expression of HMOX1 was stable in all the extracts, whereas YGS expression remained stable in all the treatments and had no statistical differences. The current results indicate that the components of M. armeniacum (leaves, flowers, and bulb) may be a useful source of natural bioactive compounds that are effective against oxidative stress-related conditions, including hyperglycemia, skin disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Complementary in silico approaches, including molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and transcription factor (TF) network analysis for NFE2L2, supported the experimental findings and suggested possible multi-target interactions for the selected compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1751628011000},"page":"2855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Integration Viewpoint Using UHPLC-MS\/MS, In Silico Analysis, Network Pharmacology, and In Vitro Analysis to Evaluate the Bio-Potential of Muscari armeniacum Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilofar","family":"Nilofar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6548-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Veysi","family":"Cetiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evren","family":"Yildiztugay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1846-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Czi\u00e1ky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za, 001 Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Jeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za, 001 Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden \u201cGiardino dei Semplici\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi \u201cGabriele d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-694X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Kostka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schr\u00f6dinger-Strasse 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuba","family":"Esatbeyoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dall\u2019Acqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S158513","article-title":"Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases","volume":"13","author":"Liguori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinza, I., Abd-Alkhalek, A.M., El-Raey, M.A., Boiangiu, R.S., Eldahshan, O.A., and Hritcu, L. (2020). Ameliorative effects of rhoifolin in scopolamine-induced amnesic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070580"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cancer","volume":"38","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baschieri, A., and Amorati, R. (2021). Methods to determine chain-breaking antioxidant activity of nanomaterials beyond DPPH\u2022. A review. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101551"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311030006","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"11","author":"Colovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2018.1545767","article-title":"A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Zolghadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quan, N.V., Xuan, T.D., Tran, H.-D., Thuy, N.T.D., Trang, L.T., Huong, C.T., Andriana, Y., and Tuyen, P.T. (2019). Antioxidant, \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities and potential constituents of Canarium tramdenum bark. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030605"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00617-0","article-title":"Use of medicinal plants for treating different ailments by the indigenous people of Churah subdivision of district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India","volume":"23","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.68","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of current trends","volume":"27","author":"Olokoba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Grey-Wilson, C., and Mathew, B. (1981). Bulbs: The Bulbous Plants of Europe and Their Allies, Viking Press."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"187","article-title":"HPLC of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bulbs from three Ornithogalum species available in India","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Du, L., Liu, H., and Liu, Y. (2019). A novel R2R3-MYB from grape hyacinth, MaMybA, which is different from MaAN2, confers intense and magenta anthocyanin pigmentation in tobacco. BMC Plant Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-019-1999-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2022.2046037","article-title":"Enlarging of Grape Hyacinth Bulb at Different Nutrient Solution Ratios in Soilless Culture","volume":"53","author":"Kahraman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1039\/c3np70008a","article-title":"The chemistry and biological activity of the Hyacinthaceae","volume":"30","author":"Mulholland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23337-6","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds and their potential antioxidant activities","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-017-9705-0","article-title":"Effect of species on total phenol, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of different wild onion bulbs","volume":"12","author":"Uslu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestrini, A., Meucci, E., Ricerca, B.M., and Mancini, A. (2023). Total antioxidant capacity: Biochemical aspects and clinical significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310978"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rumpf, J., Burger, R., and Schulze, M. (2023). Statistical evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu assays to assess the antioxidant capacity of lignins. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 233.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123470"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8551","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c02326","article-title":"Paradigm shift in phytochemicals research: Evolution from antioxidant capacity to anti-inflammatory effect and to roles in gut health and metabolic syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasquet, P., Julien-David, D., Zhao, M., Villain-Gambier, M., and Tr\u00e9bouet, D. (2024). Stability and preservation of phenolic compounds and related antioxidant capacity from agro-food matrix: Effect of pH and atmosphere. Food Biosci., 57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103586"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131122","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds separated from tea seed oil in vitro and in vivo","volume":"371","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castronuovo, D., Cardone, L., and Candido, V. (2024). Effects of pre-germinative treatments and temperatures on tassel hyacinth [Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.] seeds. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14010225"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larocca, M., Di Marsico, M., Riccio, P., and Rossano, R. (2018). The in vitro antioxidant properties of Muscari comosum bulbs and their inhibitory activity on enzymes involved in inflammation, post-prandial hyperglycemia, and cognitive\/neuromuscular functions. J. Food Biochem., 42.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12580"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casacchia, T., Sofo, A., Casaburi, I., Marrelli, M., Conforti, F., and Statti, G.A. (2017). Antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory and antitumor activity of the wild dietary plant Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Int. J. Plant Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.4081\/pb.2017.6895"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00135-6","article-title":"Antimutagenic potential of homoisoflavonoids from Muscari racemosum","volume":"81","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicco, N., Castronuovo, D., and Candido, V. (2024). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and morphological traits in 1 to 4-year-old Muscari comosum bulbs cultivated in three growing environments. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14020178"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2010.482521","article-title":"Chelating, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potential of Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. bulb extracts","volume":"61","author":"Loizzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tena, N., Mart\u00edn, J., and Asuero, A.G. (2020). State of the art of anthocyanins: Antioxidant activity, sources, bioavailability, and therapeutic effect in human health. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050451"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00162-6","article-title":"Anthocyanin antioxidants from edible fruits","volume":"84","author":"Einbond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"204","article-title":"Exploring the Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential of Muscari armeniacum: Phenolic Profiling and Enzyme Inhibition","volume":"13","author":"Topal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric.-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"187","article-title":"Investigation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Extracts of Muscari armeniacum","volume":"12","author":"Rayaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl275","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s centennial legacy: Origins, landmarks and the current status of knowledge concerning cognitive aspects","volume":"129","author":"Hodges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114510","article-title":"A highly effective and stable butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor with multi-faceted neuroprotection and cognition improvement","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2012.00191.x","article-title":"Natural and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors as antibrowning agents: An update","volume":"11","author":"Loizzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deri, B., Kanteev, M., Goldfeder, M., Lecina, D., Guallar, V., Adir, N., and Fishman, A. (2016). The unravelling of the complex pattern of tyrosinase inhibition. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34993"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2006.08.055","article-title":"\u03b1-and \u03b2-Glucosidase inhibitors: Chemical structure and biological activity","volume":"62","author":"Carvalho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.09.89","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Galasko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07470.x","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"991","author":"Beal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"09603271221087146","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271221087146","article-title":"Curculigoside mitigates hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via activation of the Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"41","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8712492","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8712492","article-title":"Islet Transplantation Attenuating Testicular Injury in Type 1 Diabetic Rats Is Associated with Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Nrf-2\/HO-1 and NF-\u03baB Pathways","volume":"2019","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"381","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and oxidative stress","volume":"23","author":"Bonomini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.001","article-title":"Nrf2-induced antioxidant protection: A promising target to counteract ROS-mediated damage in neurodegenerative disease?","volume":"45","author":"Witte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.05.013","article-title":"An I\u03baB\u03b1 phosphorylation inhibitor induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression through the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)\u2013Nrf2\u2013ARE signaling and ROS\u2013PI3K\/Akt signaling in an NF-\u03baB-independent mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giglio, F., Castiglione Morelli, M.A., Matera, I., Sinisgalli, C., Rossano, R., and Ostuni, A. (2021). Muscari comosum L. Bulb extracts modulate oxidative stress and redox signaling in hepg2 cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020416"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaiswal, V., and Lee, H.-J. (2024). The bioactivity and phytochemicals of Muscari comosum (Leopoldia comosa), a plant of multiple pharmacological activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052592"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1977.28.1.49","article-title":"Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods","volume":"28","author":"Slinkard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.08.020","article-title":"Characterization of phytochemical components of Ferula halophila extracts using HPLC-MS\/MS and their pharmacological potentials: A multi-functional insight","volume":"160","author":"Zengin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2017.03.005","article-title":"In vitro enzyme inhibitory properties, antioxidant activities, and phytochemical profile of Potentilla thuringiaca","volume":"20","author":"Grochowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4705","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4705","article-title":"Novel Natural Candidates for Replacing Synthetic Additives in Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Areas: Two Senna Species (S. alata (L.) Roxb. and S. occidentalis (L.) Link)","volume":"13","author":"Yagi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70026","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.70026","article-title":"Bridging HPLC-ESI-MS\/MS analysis and in vitro biological activity assay through molecular docking and network pharmacology: The example of European nettle tree (Celtis australis L.)","volume":"5","author":"Cetiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zengin, G., Yagi, S., Czi\u00e1ky, Z., Jek\u0151, J., Yildiztugay, E., Maugeri, A., Russo, C., Cetiz, M.V., and Navarra, M. (2025). Exploring the chemical constituents and biological activities of leaf and twig extracts of two Amygdalus species from Turkey\u2019s flora: Cell-free, in vitro and molecular docking approaches. Food Biosci., 64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.105869"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20945","article-title":"CHARMM-GUI: A web-based graphical user interface for CHARMM","volume":"29","author":"Jo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.5b00255","article-title":"ff14SB: Improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB","volume":"11","author":"Maier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/13\/2855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:04:32Z","timestamp":1760033072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/13\/2855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30132855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30132855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]}}}