{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:31:20Z","timestamp":1790958680111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University (Poland)","award":["SUBZ.D230.25.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D230.25.01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial biofilms present a formidable challenge in ophthalmology. Their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and evasion of host immune defenses significantly complicate treatments for ocular infections such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, and endophthalmitis. These infections are often caused by pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, particularly in patients using contact lenses or intraocular implants\u2014devices that serve as surfaces for biofilm formation. The global rise in antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative treatment modalities. In this regard, plant-derived antimicrobials have emerged as promising candidates demonstrating broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity through different mechanisms from those of conventional antibiotics. These mechanisms include inhibiting quorum sensing, disrupting established biofilm matrices, and interfering with microbial adhesion and communication. However, the clinical translation of phytochemicals faces significant barriers, including variability in chemical composition due to environmental and genetic factors, difficulties in standardization and reproducibility, poor water solubility and ocular bioavailability, and a lack of robust clinical trials evaluating their efficacy and safety in ophthalmic settings. Furthermore, regulatory uncertainties and the absence of unified guidelines for approving plant-derived formulations further hinder their integration into evidence-based ophthalmic practice. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the pathogenesis and treatment of biofilm-associated ocular infections, critically evaluating plant-based antimicrobials as emerging therapeutic agents. Notably, resveratrol, curcumin, abietic acid, and selected essential oils demonstrated notable antibiofilm activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. These findings support the potential of phytochemicals as adjunctive or alternative agents in managing biofilm-associated ocular infections. By highlighting both their therapeutic promise and translational limitations, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable, innovative approaches to managing antibiotic-resistant ocular infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T04:43:37Z","timestamp":1751863417000},"page":"2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Targeting Ocular Biofilms with Plant-Derived Antimicrobials in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Dzi\u0119gielewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A.), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-534 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Dziegielewska Eye Institute, ul. Prymasa Augusta Hlonda 10c\/u7, 02-972 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4063-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Wiater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Woyto\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A.), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-534 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Junka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A.), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-534 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teweldemedhin, M., Saravanan, M., Gebreyesus, A., and Gebreegziabiher, D. (2017). Ocular bacterial infections at Quiha Ophthalmic Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: An evaluation according to the risk factors and the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2304-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teweldemedhin, M., Gebreyesus, H., Atsbaha, A.H., Asgedom, S.W., and Saravanan, M. (2017). Bacterial profile of ocular infections: A systematic review. BMC Ophthalmol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0612-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119896419","article-title":"Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance trends in ocular infections: A 30-Year Study, Turin Area, Italy","volume":"31","author":"Grandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A.A., Ali, M.M., and Zenebe, M.H. (2020). Bacterial etiology of ocular and periocular infections, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and associated factors among patients attending eye unit of Shashemene comprehensive specialized hospital, Shashemene, Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01398-w"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"18","article-title":"Bacterial conjunctivitis: Microbiological profile, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and recommendations for treatment","volume":"48","author":"Perween","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104206","article-title":"Ocular bacterial infections: Pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"145","author":"Deepthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Eberhardt, M., Zeppieri, M., and Rammohan, G. (2022). Blepharitis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702918","article-title":"Comparative bacteriology of acute and chronic dacryocystitis","volume":"22","author":"Bharathi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jachowicz, R., and Nowak, J.Z. (2013). Kliniczna Farmakologia Okulistyczna. Leki Stosowane w Leczeniu Chor\u00f3b Infekcyjnych, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00735-8","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns of ocular bacterial flora","volume":"110","author":"Ta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83479-1","article-title":"Acute conjunctivitis in childhood","volume":"122","author":"Weiss","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"15","article-title":"Therapy for bacterial conjunctivitis","volume":"12","author":"Diamant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Duker, J.S. (2004). Ophthalmology. Disorders of the Conjunctiva and Limbus, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"756","article-title":"Bacterial conjunctivitis","volume":"14","author":"Epling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e31822d66a1","article-title":"Bacterial conjunctivitis in children","volume":"51","author":"Golde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"735","article-title":"Conjunctivitis","volume":"57","author":"Morrow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20070301-03","article-title":"Exclusion of students with conjunctivitis from school: Policies of state departments of health","volume":"44","author":"Ohnsman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"473","article-title":"Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Sheikh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.15374\/FZ2018027","article-title":"Eradykacja szczep\u00f3w MRSA u pacjent\u00f3w hospitalizowanych","volume":"9","author":"Dydak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forum Zaka\u017ce\u0144"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040030711025","article-title":"Corneal ulcers associated with contact lens wear","volume":"102","author":"Galentine","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00561-9","article-title":"Demonstration of biofilm in infectious crystalline keratopathy using ruthenium red and electron microscopy","volume":"108","author":"Fulcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32835a939f","article-title":"Glued intraocular lens","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.5.613","article-title":"Acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery","volume":"123","author":"Taban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.68.8.520","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of intraocular lens surgery","volume":"68","author":"Vafidis","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"4745","article-title":"Biocompability of intraocular lens materials","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.02.028","article-title":"The incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery among the U.S. medicare population increased between 1994 and 2001","volume":"112","author":"West","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20220033","article-title":"Comparative analysis of biofilm formation by Candida albicans and Candida krusei in different types of contact lenses","volume":"85","author":"Fritsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30448-5","article-title":"The global incidence and diagnosis of fungal keratitis","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielescu, C., Stanca, H.T., Iorga, R.E., Darabus, D.M., and Potop, V. (2022). The diagnosis and treatment of fungal endophthalmitis: An update. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030679"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junka, A., \u017bywicka, A., Chodaczek, G., Dziadas, M., Czajkowska, J., Duda-Madej, A., Bartoszewicz, M., Miko\u0142ajewicz, K., Krasowski, G., and Szymczyk, P. (2019). Potential of biocellulose carrier impregnated with essential oils to fight against biofilms formed on hydroxyapatite. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37628-x"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14377","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in ocular infection: A review","volume":"52","author":"Kandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.02.008","article-title":"Biofilm dispersion and quorum sensing","volume":"18","author":"Solano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"171","article-title":"Biofilm jako podstawowy mechanizm zaka\u017cenia miejsca operowanego\u2014Metody prewencji w leczeniu miejscowym","volume":"8","author":"Bartoszewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.11.003","article-title":"Bap: A family of surface proteins involved in biofilm formation","volume":"157","author":"Lasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)74496-4","article-title":"Divergent approaches to the management of corneal ulcers","volume":"114","author":"Pepose","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.5.602","article-title":"Infections associated with indwelling devices: Infections related to extravascular devices","volume":"33","author":"Dickinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00161-2","article-title":"Bacterial interactions with contact lenses; effects of lens material, lens wear and microbial physiology","volume":"22","author":"Willcox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4093","article-title":"Corneal epithelial tight junctions and their response to lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"41","author":"Yi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70155-6","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms and ocular infections","volume":"3","author":"Zegans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000233949.56229.7d","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"17","author":"Hammersmith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.011","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics of fungal keratitis in the united states, 2001\u20132007: A multicenter study","volume":"118","author":"Keay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318277ac74","article-title":"Fusarium keratitis: Genotyping, in vitro susceptibility and clinical outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Oechsler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000177423.77648.8d","article-title":"Fungal keratitis at the new york eye and ear infirmary","volume":"25","author":"Ritterband","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90633-0","article-title":"Infectious crystalline keratopathy","volume":"97","author":"Meisler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000240083.31432.70","article-title":"Detection of Streptococcus species by polymerase chain reaction in infectious crystalline keratopathy","volume":"25","author":"Osakabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(86)90053-6","article-title":"Infectious crystalline keratopathy","volume":"31","author":"Reiss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199605000-00012","article-title":"Biofilm formation in infectious crystalline keratopathy due to Candida albicans","volume":"15","author":"Elder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09385-4","article-title":"Incidence of contact-lens-associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity","volume":"354","author":"Cheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.09.014","article-title":"The incidence of microbial keratitis among wearers of a 30-day silicone hydrogel extended-wear contact lens","volume":"112","author":"Schein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazly Bazzaz, B.S., Jalalzadeh, M., Sanati, M., Zarei-Ghanavati, S., and Khameneh, B. (2014). Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis on foldable and rigid intraocular lenses. Jundishapur. J. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.10020"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.04.021","article-title":"Endophthalmitis outbreaks following cataract surgery: Causative organisms, etiologies, and visual acuity outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Pathengay","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.2.147-149.1975","article-title":"Bacteriology of normal and infected conjunctiva","volume":"1","author":"Perkins","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Jachowicz, R., and Nowak, J.Z. (2019). Kliniczna Farmakologia Okulistyczna, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Prost, M., and Oleszcza\u0144ska-Prost, E. (2019). Okulistyka Dzieci\u0119ca, Medical Education. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"581","article-title":"Surveillance of the activity of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones against ophthalmic pathogens from Europe in 2010\u20132011","volume":"41","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Szaflik, J., and Kampik, A. (2016). Chirurgia Okulistyczna, Edra Urban & Partner. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2011.06.023","article-title":"Susceptibilidad antibi\u00f3tica in vitro a fluoroquinolonas","volume":"87","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Soc. Esp. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.18433\/J3H60P","article-title":"Improvements in topical ocular drug delivery systems: Hydrogels and contact lenses","volume":"18","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Real, D.A., Bola\u00f1os, K., Priotti, J., Yutronic, N., Kogan, M.J., Sierpe, R., and Donoso-Gonz\u00e1lez, O. (2021). Cyclodextrin-modified nanomaterials for drug delivery: Classification and advances in controlled release and bioavailability. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122131"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Harris, A. (2013). Leki Generyczne w Okulistyce, WMW G\u00f3rnicki."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"868","article-title":"Nanono\u015bniki jako nowoczesne transportery w kontrolowanym dostarczaniu lek\u00f3w","volume":"66","author":"Niemirowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemik"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0155","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic resistance among ocular microorganisms in the United States from 2009 to 2018","volume":"138","author":"Asbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0321TR","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Host response and clinical implications in lung infections","volume":"58","author":"Maurice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105805","article-title":"Variation of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties of Grantia aucheri (Boiss.) at different growth stages","volume":"172","author":"Mohanta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Epifano, F., Fiorito, S., and \u00c1lvarez-Suarez, J.M. (2020). Phytochemical analysis and biological investigation of Nepeta juncea Benth. different extracts. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050646"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.02.006","article-title":"Synergistic antibacterial effect of curcumin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"20","author":"Mun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2109","article-title":"Synergistic antibacterial activity of curcumin with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"28","author":"Teow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-017-0525-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of curcumin-silver nanoparticles with improved stability and selective toxicity to bacteria over mammalian cells","volume":"207","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.6b00286","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of curcumin\u2013polymyxin b combinations against multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with traumatic wound infections","volume":"79","author":"Betts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4009313","article-title":"Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli o157:h7 biofilm formation by plant metabolite \u03b5-viniferin","volume":"61","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.02.015","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal properties of resveratrol","volume":"53","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15340","article-title":"The use of medicinal plants in common ophthalmic disorders: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-010-0177-9","article-title":"Inhibition of heat resistant molds: Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces variotii by some plant essential oils","volume":"19","author":"Gumus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895340","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1895340","article-title":"In Vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria","volume":"2019","author":"Manandhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boukhatem, M.N., and Setzer, W.N. (2020). Aromatic herbs, medicinal plant-derived essential oils, and phytochemical extracts as potential therapies for coronaviruses: Future perspectives. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060800"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1461907","article-title":"Potential alternative treatment of ocular bacterial infections by oil derived from Syzygium aromaticum flower (clove)","volume":"43","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stan, D., Enciu, A.M., Mateescu, A.L., Ion, A.C., Brezeanu, A.C., Stan, D., and Tanase, C. (2021). Natural compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral effect and nanocarriers used for their transportation. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.723233"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopal, J., Muthu, M., Paul, D., Kim, D.-H., and Chun, S. (2016). Bactericidal activity of green tea extracts: The importance of catechin containing nano particles. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19710"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13615","article-title":"Formation and characterization of green tea extract loaded liposomes","volume":"82","author":"Dag","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.991319","article-title":"Red wines and flavonoids diminish Staphylococcus aureus virulence with anti-biofilm and anti-hemolytic activities","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.12.033","article-title":"Plants used in folk medicine: The potential of their hydromethanolic extracts against Candida species","volume":"66","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2018.06.002","article-title":"Antifungal efficacy of herbs","volume":"9","author":"Samadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-019-00456-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of abietic acid on cariogenic Streptococcus mutans","volume":"108","author":"Ito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8976","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500689b","article-title":"Chemistry and biology of resveratrol-derived natural products","volume":"115","author":"Keylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan\u00e7on, A., Frazzi, R., and Latruffe, N. (2016). Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties of resveratrol in ocular diseases. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030304"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.855","article-title":"Resveratrol: A miraculous natural compound for diseases treatment","volume":"6","author":"Koushki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radeva, L., and Yoncheva, K. (2025). Resveratrol\u2014A promising therapeutic agent with problematic properties. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010134"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chimento, A., De Amicis, F., Sirianni, R., Sinicropi, M.S., Puoci, F., Casaburi, I., Saturnino, C., and Pezzi, V. (2019). Progress to improve oral bioavailability and beneficial effects of resveratrol. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061381"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.04.012","article-title":"Fabrication of resveratrol coated gold nanoparticles and investigation of their effect on diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"195","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00886-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of resveratrol on dermatophytes and bacterial pathogens of the skin","volume":"63","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977758","article-title":"Fungicidal effect of resveratrol on human infectious fungi","volume":"28","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.2.243","article-title":"Resveratrol selectively inhibits Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"47","author":"Docherty","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicr. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01763.x","article-title":"Resveratrol and its antifungal activity against Candida species","volume":"54","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1021\/np5002576","article-title":"Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species","volume":"77","author":"Papon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-010-0325-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and effects of resveratrol on human pathogenic bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Paulo","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulido-Moran, M., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Ramirez-Tortosa, C., and Ramirez-Tortosa, M. (2016). Curcumin and health. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030264"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2011.05648.x","article-title":"Discovery of curcumin, a component of golden spice, and its miraculous biological activities","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200838","article-title":"Curcumin-free turmeric exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities: Identification of novel components of turmeric","volume":"57","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.11.002","article-title":"Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: An age-old spice with modern targets","volume":"30","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13621","article-title":"Curcumin, the golden nutraceutical: Multitargeting for multiple chronic diseases","volume":"174","author":"Kunnumakkara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagahama, K., Utsumi, T., Kumano, T., Maekawa, S., Oyama, N., and Kawakami, J. (2016). Discovery of a new function of curcumin which enhances its anticancer therapeutic potency. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30962"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakubu, J., and Pandey, A.V. (2024). Innovative delivery systems for curcumin: Exploring nanosized and conventional formulations. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050637"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200490893519","article-title":"Natural product polyphenols of relevance to human health","volume":"42","author":"Kondratyuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moiseev, R.V., Morrison, P.W.J., Steele, F., and Khutoryanskiy, V.V. (2019). Penetration enhancers in ocular drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070321"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sai, N., Dong, X., Huang, P., You, L., Yang, C., Liu, Y., Wang, W., Wu, H., Yu, Y., and Du, Y. (2020). A novel gel-forming solution based on PEG-DSPE\/Solutol HS 15 mixed micelles and gellan gum for ophthalmic delivery of curcumin. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010081"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S., Singh, A.K., Agrahari, A.K., Sharma, K., Singh, A.S., Gupta, M.K., Tiwari, V.K., and Prakash, P. (2020). Making of water soluble curcumin to potentiate conventional antimicrobials by inducing apoptosis-like phenomena among drug-resistant bacteria. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70921-2"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853045","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2853045","article-title":"Antibacterial action of curcumin against Staphylococcus aureus: A brief review","volume":"2016","author":"Teow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2022.10.010","article-title":"Antibacterial effect and evaluation of the inhibitory effect against efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus by abietic acid: In vitro and in silico assays","volume":"122","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Lima Silva, M.G., de Lima, L.F., Alencar Fonseca, V.J., Santos da Silva, L.Y., Calixto Donelardy, A.C., de Almeida, R.S., de Morais Oliveira-Tintino, C.D., Pereira Bezerra Martins, A.O.B., Ribeiro-Filho, J., and Bezerra Morais-Braga, M.F. (2023). Enhancing the antifungal efficacy of fluconazole with a diterpene: Abietic acid as a promising adjuvant to combat antifungal resistance in Candida spp.. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111565"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzi\u0119gielewska, M., Bartoszewicz, M., Ksi\u0105\u017cczyk, M., Dudek, B., Bro\u017cyna, M., Szymczyk-Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska, P., Gruber, P., Pawlak, J., Koz\u0142owska, W., and Zieli\u0144ska, S. (2024). Abietic acid as a novel agent against ocular biofilms: An in vitro and preliminary in vivo investigation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031528"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734101","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/734101","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activity of Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne essential oil","volume":"2015","author":"Novy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alter. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"311","article-title":"Ocular infection bacterial isolates and their sensitivity to essential oils of selected herbals","volume":"3","author":"Sivamani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"403","article-title":"Essential oils: A promising remedy against fungal and bacterial human keratitis","volume":"1","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.11.019","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from meat","volume":"3","author":"Oussalah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-337","article-title":"Rosemary and tea tree essential oils exert antibiofilm activities in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowbe, K.H., Salah, K.B.H., Moumni, S., Ashkan, M.F., and Merghni, A. (2023). Anti-staphylococcal activities of Rosmarinus officinalis and Myrtus communis essential oils through ROS-mediated oxidative stress. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020266"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, J.R., Camargo, S.E.A., and de Oliveira, L.D. (2019). Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. J. Biomed. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0499-8"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouhan, S., Sharma, K., and Guleria, S. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils-present status and future perspectives. Medicines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030058"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2022.107628","article-title":"Rheological and structural trends on encapsulation of bioactive compounds of essential oils: A global systematic review of recent research","volume":"129","author":"Tavares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.09.022","article-title":"New insights into antibacterial and antioxidant activities of rosemary essential oils and their main components","volume":"31","author":"Elechosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_482_25","article-title":"Biological topicals in ocular surface disorders","volume":"73","author":"Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"765","article-title":"Validation of traditional claim of Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn. as a medicinal plant","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ind. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-022-00447-7","article-title":"Exploration of facilitators and barriers to the regulatory frameworks of dietary and herbal supplements: A scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Liu, Q., Yang, S., and Wang, C. (2023). Advancing herbal medicine: Enhancing product quality and safety through robust quality control practices. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1265178"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Cheng, Y., Li, H., Li, M., Yang, Q., Hua, K., Wen, X., Han, Y., Liu, G., and Chu, C. (2024). Metallic nano-warriors: Innovations in nanoparticle-based ocular antimicrobials. Mater. Today Bio, 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101242"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"127","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea","volume":"65","author":"Subiza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izah, S.C., Ogwu, M.C., and Akram, M. (2024). Microbial contaminants of herbal remedies: Health risks and sustainable quality control strategies. Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43199-9"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M.M., Maria, D.N., Wang, X., Simpson, R.N., Hollingsworth, T.J., and Jablonski, M.M. (2020). Enhanced corneal penetration of a poorly permeable drug using bioadhesive multiple microemulsion technology. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080704"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moballegh Nasery, M., Abadi, B., Poormoghadam, D., Zarrabi, A., Keyhanvar, P., Khanbabaei, H., Ashrafizadeh, M., Mohammadinejad, R., Tavakol, S., and Sethi, G. (2020). Curcumin delivery mediated by bio-based nanoparticles: A review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030689"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa, M., Al Fatease, A., Alany, R.G., and Abdelkader, H. (2023). Recent advances of ocular drug delivery systems: Prominence of ocular implants for chronic eye diseases. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061746"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar-G\u00f3mez, A., Velo-Silvestre, A.A., Alonso-Castro, A.J., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Zimbr\u00f3n, L.F. (2023). Medicinal plants used for eye conditions in Mexico\u2014A review. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101432"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, A.M., Gon\u00e7alves, M.C., Marques, M.S., Veiga, F., Paiva-Santos, A.C., and Pires, P.C. (2023). In vitro models for anti-aging efficacy assessment: A critical update in dermocosmetic research. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10020066"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.168035","article-title":"Challenges and guidelines for clinical trial of herbal drugs","volume":"7","author":"Parveen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104647","article-title":"Regulatory landscape of dietary supplements and herbal medicines from a global perspective","volume":"114","author":"Thakkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"(2025, April 15). DIRECTIVE 2004\/24\/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004 Amending, as Regards Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, Directive 2001\/83\/EC on the Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:136:0085:0090:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2025, April 15). Guide to Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Registration Scheme. Available online: https:\/\/assets.hpra.ie\/data\/docs\/default-source\/external-guidance-document-(tracked)\/aut-g0029-guide-to-thmp-registration-scheme-v5-changes-tracked.pdf."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubale, S., Usure, R.E., Mekasha, Y.T., Hasen, G., Hafiz, F., Kebebe, D., and Suleman, S. (2025). Traditional herbal medicine legislative and regulatory framework: A cross-sectional quantitative study and archival review perspectives. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1475297"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302431","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202302431","article-title":"Nanomedicine for the detection and treatment of ocular bacterial infections","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/13\/2863\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:04:59Z","timestamp":1760033099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/13\/2863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30132863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30132863","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]}}}