{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:23:32Z","timestamp":1784946212899,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central University of Technology, Free State\u2019s University Research Grants and Scholarship Committee (RGSC)"},{"name":"The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)"},{"name":"Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptative Land Management (SASSCAL)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lippia multiflora Moldenke is widely used in Angola, on the African continent, and beyond for the treatment of many health conditions such as hypertension, enteritis, colds, gastrointestinal disturbances, stomachaches, jaundice, coughs, fevers, nausea, bronchial inflammation, conjunctivitis, malaria, and venereal diseases. However, there is limited literature about the active compounds linked with the reported biological activities. This study aims to assess the chemical profiles, antioxidant properties, and the cytotoxicity effects of the roots, stem bark, and leaves of L. multiflora. Chemical characterization of the crude extracts was assessed through quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid contents followed by Q exactive plus orbitrap\u2122 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS) screening. The correlation between the extracts and the correlation between the compounds were studied using the multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading scores and principal component analysis (PCA) biplots and correlation plots were used to connect specific compounds with observed biological activities. The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were carried out in vitro using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays, while the in vitro toxicology of the crude extracts was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A total of twenty constituents were characterized and identified using the UHPLC\u2013Q\/Orbitrap\/MS. The methanol leaf extract showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.559 \u00b1 0.269 \u03bcg\/mL); however, the stem bark extract had the highest reducing power (IC0.5 = 0.029 \u00b1 0.026 \u03bcg\/mL). High phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the dichloromethane leaf extract (32.100 \u00b1 1.780 mg GAE\/g) and stem bark extract (624.153 \u00b1 29.442 mg QE\/g), respectively. The results show the stem bark, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts were well-tolerated by the Vero cell line at concentrations up to 50 \u00b5g\/mL. However, at 100 \u00b5g\/mL onward, some toxicity was observed in the root, methanol leaf, and dichloromethane leaf extracts. The UHPLC\u2013Q\/Orbitrap\/MS profiles showed the presence of terpenoids (n = 5), flavonoids (n = 5), phenols (n = 4), alkaloids (n = 3), coumarins (n = 1), fatty acids (n = 1), and organic acids (n = 1). According to several studies, these secondary metabolites have been reported and proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. The identified flavonoids (catechin, quercitrin, and (\u2212)-epigallocatechin) and phenolic compound (6-gingerol) can significantly contribute to the antioxidant properties of different plant parts of L. multiflora. The research findings obtained in this study provide a complete phytochemical profile of various parts of L. multiflora that are responsible for the antioxidant activity using UHPLC\u2013Q\/Orbitrap\/MS analysis. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study contribute to the scientific information or data on the therapeutic properties of Lippia multiflora and provide a basis for further assessment of its potential as a natural remedy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Lippia multiflora Moldenke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9957-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorcas","family":"Tlhapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntsoaki","family":"Malebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Learning and Teaching, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idah Tichaidza","family":"Manduna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6658-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monizi","family":"Mawunu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Polytechnic Institute, Kimpa Vita University, U\u00edge P.O. Box 77, Angola"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 190, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1006-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramakwala Christinah","family":"Chokwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijat.2004.09.011","article-title":"Physical properties and antimicrobial activities of leaf essential oil of Lippia multiflora Moldenke","volume":"14","author":"Oladimeji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. 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