{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:03:24Z","timestamp":1789506204604,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer is a serious, life-threatening condition among men, usually requiring long-term chemotherapy. Due to its high efficacy, bicalutamide, a non-steroidal anti-androgen, has widespread use. However, its poor water solubility, low oral bioavailability, and nonspecific systemic exposure limit its application. To overcome these obstacles, our study explored the potential of non-carboxylated and carboxylated mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) as advanced drug carriers for bicalutamide (MCN\/B and MCN-COOH\/B). The physicochemical properties and release behaviour were thoroughly characterized. Functionalization with carboxylic groups significantly improved wettability, dispersion stability, as well as loading efficiency due to enhanced hydrogen bonding and \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking interactions. Moreover, all systems exhibited sustained and near-infrared (NIR) triggered drug release with reduced burst-effect, compared to the release of free bicalutamide. Higher particle size and stronger drug\u2013carrier interactions determined a zero-order kinetics and notably slower release rate of MCN-COOH\/B compared to non-functionalized MCN. Cytotoxicity assays on LNCaP prostate cancer cells demonstrated that both MCN\/B and MCN-COOH\/B possessed comparable antiproliferative activity as free bicalutamide, where MCN-COOH\/B exhibited superior efficacy, especially under NIR exposure. These findings suggest that MCN-COOH nanoparticles could be considered as a prospective platform for controlled, NIR-accelerated delivery of bicalutamide in prostate cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30153055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T08:45:18Z","timestamp":1753173918000},"page":"3055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Carboxylated Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles as Bicalutamide Carriers with Improved Biopharmaceutical and Chemo-Photothermal Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6690-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Popova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-8013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borislav","family":"Tzankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Slavkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1029-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yordan","family":"Yordanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denitsa","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6722-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Tzankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1708-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Tzankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6059-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanka","family":"Spassova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1799-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Kovacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Voycheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.06.034","article-title":"A Self-Assembled System for Tumor-Targeted Co-Delivery of Drug and Gene","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.10.091","article-title":"Near-Infrared Absorbing Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticle as an Intelligent Drug Carrier for Dual-Triggered Synergistic Cancer Therapy","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.01.090","article-title":"Hollow Mesoporous Carbon as a Near-Infrared Absorbing Carrier Compared with Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Chemo-Photothermal Therapy","volume":"494","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.05.043","article-title":"Efficient Cancer Ablation by Combined Photothermal and Enhanced Chemo-Therapy Based on Carbon Nanoparticles\/Doxorubicin@SiO2 Nanocomposites","volume":"97","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1604-8","article-title":"Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles as Multi-Functional Carriers for Cancer Therapy Compared with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33986","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA03993A","article-title":"Functionalized Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Targeted Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Cancer Cells under near-Infrared Irradiation","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19386","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b03008","article-title":"Thermosensitive Lipid Bilayer-Coated Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Synergistic Thermochemotherapy of Tumor","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305811","article-title":"Multifunctional Fe5C2 Nanoparticles: A Targeted Theranostic Platform for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Photoacoustic Tomography-Guided Photothermal Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b00213","article-title":"Large, Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles with Tunable Architectures for Energy Storage","volume":"2","author":"Salim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gisbert-Garzar\u00e1n, M., Manzano, M., and Vallet-Reg\u00ed, M. (2017). PH-Responsive Mesoporous Silica and Carbon Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Bioengineering, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4010003"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.01.094","article-title":"Gated Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Release","volume":"101","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14946","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c01786","article-title":"Engineered PH-Responsive Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery","volume":"12","author":"Berkmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.09.088","article-title":"Size Effect on Oral Absorption in Polymer-Functionalized Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles","volume":"511","author":"Ran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135102","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/13\/135102","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid Modified Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery to CD44-Overexpressing Cancer Cells","volume":"27","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21927","article-title":"Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres as a Multifunctional Carrier for Cancer Theranostics","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115508","article-title":"Polymer-Functionalized Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles on Overcoming Multiple Barriers and Improving Oral Bioavailability of Probucol","volume":"229","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.131450","article-title":"Release Kinetics Study of Fatty Acids Eutectic Mixture Gated Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Chemo-Photothermal Therapy","volume":"669","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-S., Lin, K.-S., Mdlovu, N.V., Kung, P.-Y., and Jeng, U.-S. (2023). Thermal-\/PH-Triggered Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanocarrier for NIR-Responsive Drug Release. Biomater. Adv., 151.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213477"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, W., Zhao, Q., He, Y., Wang, S., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Feng, S., and Wang, S. (2025). Different Mesoporous Carbon Carriers for the Improvement of Solubility and Physical Stability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114436"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.10.008","article-title":"Evaluation of Mesoporous Carbon Aerogels as Carriers of the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ibuprofen","volume":"515","author":"Eleftheriadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.01.028","article-title":"The Transport Mechanism of Integrin Av\u03b23 Receptor Targeting Nanoparticles in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"500","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c06257","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive MnOx-Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Enhanced Chemodynamic Synergistic Antitumor Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H. (2025). Design and Application of Mesoporous Carbon Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy. BIO Web Conf., 174.","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/202517402004"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.02.084","article-title":"Effect of Amine and Carboxyl Functionalization of Sub-Micrometric MCM-41 Spheres on Controlled Release of Cisplatin","volume":"39","author":"Arean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106201","article-title":"Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Exploring the Latest Breakthroughs in Bicalutamide Delivery and Co-Delivery Nanoformulations for Cancer Therapy","volume":"101","author":"Pourmadadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.54.3.108","article-title":"Bioavailability and Dissolution Rate Enhancement of an Anticancer Drug Bicalutamide by Encapsulation into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Effects of Amine Functionalization and Caco-2 Cell Permeability Study","volume":"54","author":"Saroj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2018.1562463","article-title":"Facile Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Novel Bicalutamide Loaded PH-Sensitive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Prostate Cancer Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Saroj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkova, T.V., Simonova, O.R., and Perlovich, G.L. (2022). Physicochemical Profile of Antiandrogen Drug Bicalutamide: Solubility, Distribution, Permeability. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030674"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.016","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Fabricating Nanocomposite Materials by Embedding Stabilized Core-Shell Micelles into Polysaccharide Cryogel Matrix","volume":"183","author":"Pencheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103419","article-title":"Development of a Controlled Sustainable Anticancer Drug Delivery Nanosystem Comprising Doxorubicin and Functionalized MCM-48","volume":"72","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-017-3908-5","article-title":"Effects of Pore Topology and Iron Oxide Core on Doxorubicin Loading and Release from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Ronhovde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanopart Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2020.01.003","article-title":"Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Templated by Pyridinium Ionic Liquid for Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drug Release Application","volume":"24","author":"Zaharudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ji, Y., Zhang, H., and Liu, G. (2025). Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres-Assisted Amplified Electrochemiluminescence for l-Cysteine Detection. Anal. Biochem., 699.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2025.115764"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"282","article-title":"Solid-State Characterization and Dissolution Properties of Bucalutamide-\u00df-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex","volume":"63","author":"Pore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.05.059","article-title":"Improving the Physicochemical Properties of Bicalutamide by Complex Formation with Bovine Serum Albumin","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133984","article-title":"Experimental (FT-IR, UV-Vis) Spectroscopic Analysis and Molecular Docking Investigations of Anti-Cancer Drugs Alkeran and Bicalutamide","volume":"1270","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-006-9138-6","article-title":"Spectral Characteristics of Bicalutamide Drug in Different Solvents and \u03b2-Cyclodextrin","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.12.014","article-title":"Applications of \u03c0-\u03c0 Stacking Interactions in the Design of Drug-Delivery Systems","volume":"294","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.134886","article-title":"Advances in Smart Mesoporous Carbon Nanoplatforms for Photothermal\u2013Enhanced Synergistic Cancer Therapy","volume":"435","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.07.072","article-title":"Immunotoxicity Assessment of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles Modified with PVP\/PEG","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/powders2010001","article-title":"Stability of Silica Nanofluids at High Salinity and High Temperature","volume":"2","author":"Hutin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powders"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., and Cardenas, H.E. (2023). Monitoring Tools and Strategies for Effective Electrokinetic Nanoparticle Treatment. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13233045"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5910","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c00017","article-title":"Rapid Determination of Emulsion Stability Using Turbidity Measurement Incorporating Artificial Neural Network (ANN): Experimental Validation Using Video\/Optical Microscopy and Kinetic Modeling","volume":"6","author":"Alade","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.08.197","article-title":"Wavelength Exponent Based Calibration for Turbidity Spectroscopy: Monitoring the Particle Size during Emulsion Polymerization Reactions","volume":"652","author":"Aspiazu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124799","article-title":"Effects of Nanoparticle Size, Shape, and Zeta Potential on Drug Delivery","volume":"666","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-H., Jung, K., Yoo, W.C., Chung, J., and Lee, Y.-W. (2022). Dispersion Stability of 14 Manufactured Nanomaterials for Ecotoxicity Tests Using Raphidocelis Subcapitata. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127140"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1021\/la504511j","article-title":"Quantitative Characterization of the Colloidal Stability of Metallic Nanoparticles Using UV\u2013Vis Absorbance Spectroscopy","volume":"31","author":"Ray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.017","article-title":"DLS and Zeta Potential\u2013What They Are and What They Are Not?","volume":"235","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6967","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC01740G","article-title":"Oxygen-Supplied Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photothermal\/Photodynamic Synergetic Therapy against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzhardimalieva, G., Bondarenko, L., Ill\u00e9s, E., Tomb\u00e1cz, E., Tropskaya, N., Magomedov, I., Orekhov, A., and Kydralieva, K. (2021). Colloidal Stability of Silica-Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles: Comparison of Various Dispersion Techniques. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123295"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2020.110774","article-title":"Exploiting Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Versatile Drug Carriers for Several Routes of Administration","volume":"312","author":"Meneguin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e-12845","article-title":"PH Effect on the Synthesis of Different Size Silver Nanoparticles Evaluated by DLS and Their Size-Dependent Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"25","author":"Gontijo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1071\/EN09112","article-title":"Assessing the Colloidal Properties of Engineered Nanoparticles in Water: Case Studies from Fullerene C60 Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14550","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140714550","article-title":"Chemical and Colloidal Stability of Carboxylated Core-Shell Magnetite Nanoparticles Designed for Biomedical Applications","volume":"14","author":"Szekeres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.08.001","article-title":"Conformational Polymorphism in Bicalutamide","volume":"328","author":"Vega","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michen, B., Geers, C., Vanhecke, D., Endes, C., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., Balog, S., and Petri-Fink, A. (2015). Avoiding Drying-Artifacts in Transmission Electron Microscopy: Characterizing the Size and Colloidal State of Nanoparticles. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09793"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/jnt5030008","article-title":"Advanced Characterization and Sample Preparation Strategies for Nanoformulations","volume":"5","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2025, July 03). TEM Sample Preparation of Nanoparticles in Suspensions-2014-Wiley Analytical Science. Available online: https:\/\/analyticalscience.wiley.com\/content\/article-do\/tem-sample-preparation-nanoparticles-suspensions."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Bonevich, J.E., and Haller, W.K. (2005). Measuring the Size of Nanoparticles Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Version 1.1. National Cancer Institute\u2019s Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory Assay Cascade Protocols, National Cancer Institute (US)."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-015-2888-6","article-title":"Nano-Graphene Oxide Carboxylation for Efficient Bioconjugation Applications: A Quantitative Optimization Approach","volume":"17","author":"Imani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-023-02817-2","article-title":"Structure of Carbon Nanospheres Modified with Oxygen-Containing Groups and Halogens","volume":"13","author":"Rud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2012.663391","article-title":"Bicalutamide Nanocrystals with Improved Oral Bioavailability: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Pokharkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11901","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202002071","article-title":"Mesoporous Si-MCM-41\/Polymer as a PH-Responsive Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11580","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02389K","article-title":"Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles with Large and Tunable Pore Sizes","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CC04598E","article-title":"Hydrophilic Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles as Carriers for Sustained Release of Hydrophobic Anti-Cancer Drugs","volume":"47","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800072t","article-title":"Multifunctional Inorganic Nanoparticles for Imaging, Targeting, and Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Liong","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1021\/mp900243b","article-title":"Cancer Therapies Utilizing the Camptothecins: A Review of the in Vivo Literature","volume":"7","author":"Venditto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.07.061","article-title":"Carboxylic Modified Spherical Mesoporous Silicas s Drug Delivery Carriers","volume":"436","author":"Popova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"217","article-title":"Kinetic Modeling on Drug Release from Controlled Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"67","author":"Dash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600521210","article-title":"Mechanism of Sustained-action Medication. Theoretical Analysis of Rate of Release of Solid Drugs Dispersed in Solid Matrices","volume":"52","author":"Higuchi","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(83)90064-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of Solute Release from Porous Hydrophilic Polymers","volume":"15","author":"Korsmeyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(01)00095-1","article-title":"Modeling and Comparison of Dissolution Profiles","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00112-0","article-title":"Modeling of Drug Release from Delivery Systems Based on Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)","volume":"48","author":"Siepmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2796","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Bicalutamide-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles in Prostate Cancers","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20986","article-title":"The Intracellular and Nuclear-Targeted Delivery of an Antiandrogen Drug by Carrier Peptides","volume":"90","author":"Hodoniczky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102340","article-title":"Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 and HMS as Advanced Drug Delivery Carriers for Bicalutamide","volume":"62","author":"Popova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2017.04.003","article-title":"Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Nanorods: Application to Doxorubicin Delivery","volume":"68","author":"Rahmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.060","article-title":"Multimodal Nanoporous Silica Nanoparticles Functionalized with Aminopropyl Groups for Improving Loading and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0448-z","article-title":"Turbidity Spectroscopy for Characterization of Submicroscopic Drug Carriers, Such as Nanoparticles and Lipid Vesicles: Size Determination","volume":"28","author":"Elsayed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/15\/3055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:13:39Z","timestamp":1760033619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/15\/3055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30153055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30153055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]}}}