{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:56:27Z","timestamp":1791924987978,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Gliomas account for 81% of all malignant central nervous system tumors and are classified by WHO into four grades of malignancy. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common grade IV glioma, exhibits an extremely aggressive phenotype and a dismal five-year survival rate of only 6%, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in particular has attracted attention for its dual cytotoxic and immunostimulatory effects. In GBM models, PDT induces immunogenic cell death characterized by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which promote antigen presentation and activate T cell responses. Additionally, PDT transiently increases blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, facilitating immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment, and enhances clearance of waste products via stimulation of meningeal lymphatic vessels. Importantly, PDT can reprogram or inactivate immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages, thereby counteracting the pro-tumoral microenvironment. Despite these encouraging findings, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to elucidate PDT\u2019s underlying immunological mechanisms fully and to optimize treatment regimens that maximize its efficacy as part of integrated immunotherapeutic strategies against GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30153091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1753347912000},"page":"3091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunological Insights into Photodynamic Therapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6962-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wo\u017anicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical College, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3265-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Przyg\u00f3rzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"English Division Science Club, Medical College, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy131","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2011\u20132015","volume":"20","author":"Ostrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32042","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032042","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Review of Survival Analysis of 1674 Patients Based on SEER Database","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03218-8","article-title":"Primary Central Nervous System Tumor Treatment and Survival in the United States, 2004\u20132015","volume":"144","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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