{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:09:47Z","timestamp":1791947387049,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["JCYJ20200109120408264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109120408264"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811141635001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811141635001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811151825001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811151825001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","award":["22077009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22077009"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","award":["JCYJ20200109120408264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109120408264"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","award":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811141635001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811141635001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","award":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811151825001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811151825001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","award":["22077009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22077009"]}]},{"name":"NSFC","award":["JCYJ20200109120408264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109120408264"]}]},{"name":"NSFC","award":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811141635001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811141635001"]}]},{"name":"NSFC","award":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811151825001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXWD20201231165807007-20200811151825001"]}]},{"name":"NSFC","award":["22077009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22077009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Significant challenges remain in developing effective and safe targeted therapies for psoriasis. Here, we reported the discovery of novel cystamine derivatives for the treatment of psoriasis. These compounds effectively attenuated LPS-induced inflammation in vitro, and the optimal candidate CS1 ameliorated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. Mechanistically, CS1 bound and inhibited the deacetylase HDAC6, subsequently inhibited the AKT, MAPK, and STAT3 pathways, attenuated the hyperproliferation and altered differentiation of keratinocytes and reduced the infiltration of immune cells. These findings suggest that HDAC6 may serve as a potential target for drug development in the treatment of psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30153224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1754313071000},"page":"3224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Novel HDAC6 Inhibitor Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Inflammation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7307-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anqi","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inno Biopharmaceuticals (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1947-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junmin","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61128-3","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis","volume":"370","author":"Griffiths","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04410.x","article-title":"The concept of psoriasis as a systemic inflammation: Implications for disease management","volume":"26","author":"Reich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06736.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 in CNS pathologies","volume":"114","author":"Buchanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1729335","article-title":"Long-term topical management of psoriasis: The road ahead","volume":"33","author":"Segaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog Treat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200506060-00005","article-title":"The psychosocial burden of psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Kimball","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.J., and Kim, M. (2023). Challenges and Future Trends in the Treatment of Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713313"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05663","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis","volume":"445","author":"Lowes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14246","article-title":"Review of safety and efficacy of approved systemic psoriasis therapies","volume":"58","author":"Kaushik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartucci, R., Salvati, A., Olinga, P., and Boersma, Y.L. (2019). Vanin 1: Its Physiological Function and Role in Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163891"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Liu, S., Hu, M., Liao, X., Wang, X., Xu, Z., Li, Q., and Quan, J. (2022). Biguanide MC001, a Dual Inhibitor of OXPHOS and Glycolysis, Shows Enhanced Antitumor Activity Without Increasing Lactate Production. ChemMedChem, 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100674"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Wang, X., Xu, Z., Li, Q., and Quan, J. (2022). N-cystaminylbiguanide MC001 prevents neuron cell death and alleviates motor deficits in the MPTP-model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett., 784.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136751"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29441","article-title":"Misbehaving macrophages in the pathogenesis of psoriasis","volume":"116","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12363613","article-title":"MCP-1 mRNA expression in basal keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions","volume":"101","author":"Gillitzer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.06.006","article-title":"Targeting TNFalpha rapidly reduces density of dendritic cells and macrophages in psoriatic plaques with restoration of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation","volume":"48","author":"Marble","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.165","article-title":"A subpopulation of CD163-positive macrophages is classically activated in psoriasis","volume":"130","author":"Zaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2296607","article-title":"Tapinarof cream for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults","volume":"20","author":"Prieto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.12.013","article-title":"Tapinarof validates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a therapeutic target: A clinical review","volume":"154","author":"Silverberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14139","article-title":"Pathogenesis of psoriasis and development of treatment","volume":"45","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001001","article-title":"IL-23-mediated psoriasis-like epidermal hyperplasia is dependent on IL-17A","volume":"186","author":"Rizzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.08.001","article-title":"Pivotal role of dermal IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells in skin inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61862","article-title":"Rorgammat+ innate lymphocytes and gammadelta T cells initiate psoriasiform plaque formation in mice","volume":"122","author":"Pantelyushin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.06.018","article-title":"Keratin 17 in psoriasis: Current understanding and future perspectives","volume":"128","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-012-9499-y","article-title":"Regulation of involucrin in psoriatic epidermal keratinocytes: The roles of ERK1\/2 and GSK-3beta","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, M., Rabeony, H., Petit-Paris, I., Garnier, J., Barrault, C., Pedretti, N., Guilloteau, K., Jegou, J.-F., Guillet, G., and Huguier, V. (2014). Inhibition of Keratinocyte Differentiation by the Synergistic Effect of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1\u03b1, TNF\u03b1 and Oncostatin M. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101937"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12565","article-title":"Downregulation of involucrin in psoriatic lesions following therapy with propylthiouracil, an anti-thyroid thioureylene: Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis","volume":"54","author":"Gnanaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgner, B., Tittelbach, J., and Wiegand, C. (2023). Induction of psoriasis- and atopic dermatitis-like phenotypes in 3D skin equivalents with a fibroblast-derived matrix. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28822-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-018-1879-8","article-title":"The role of PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO signaling in psoriasis","volume":"311","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06304.x","article-title":"The mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK1\/2 are increased in lesional psoriatic skin","volume":"152","author":"Johansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12128","article-title":"Studies of Jak\/STAT3 expression and signalling in psoriasis identifies STAT3-Ser727 phosphorylation as a modulator of transcriptional activity","volume":"22","author":"Hald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10036.x","article-title":"Preferential inhibition of the mRNA expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulated cytokines in psoriatic skin by anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy","volume":"163","author":"Johansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calautti, E., Avalle, L., and Poli, V. (2018). Psoriasis: A STAT3-Centric View. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010171"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.11.007","article-title":"Impaired function of regulatory T cells in patients with psoriasis is mediated by phosphorylation of STAT3","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, K., and Fu, J. (2020). HDAC6 Mediates Poly (I:C)-Induced TBK1 and Akt Phosphorylation in Macrophages. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01776"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.014","article-title":"Overexpression of HDAC6 induces pro-inflammatory responses by regulating ROS-MAPK-NF-kappaB\/AP-1 signaling pathways in macrophages","volume":"97","author":"Youn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W.B., Yang, F., Wang, Y., Jiao, F.Z., Zhang, H.Y., Wang, L.W., and Gong, Z.J. (2019). Inhibition of HDAC6 attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages by regulating oxidative stress and suppressing the TLR4-MAPK\/NF-kappaB pathways. Biomed. Pharmacother., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109166"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2212-y","article-title":"Piperlongumine regulates epigenetic modulation and alleviates psoriasis-like skin inflammation via inhibition of hyperproliferation and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Thatikonda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2018.1563620","article-title":"Inhibition of HDAC6 alleviating lipopolysaccharide-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation and neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., Choi, Y., Kim, M., Jeong, M.S., Jung, H.S., and Jeoung, D. (2021). HDAC6 and CXCL13 Mediate Atopic Dermatitis by Regulating Cellular Interactions and Expression Levels of miR-9 and SIRT1. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.691279"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c04319","article-title":"HDAC6-Activatable Multifunctional Near-Infrared Probe for Glioma Cell Detection and Elimination","volume":"96","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233606","article-title":"Monitoring drug target engagement in cells and tissues using the cellular thermal shift assay","volume":"341","author":"Jafari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.138","article-title":"The cellular thermal shift assay for evaluating drug target interactions in cells","volume":"9","author":"Jafari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103715","article-title":"The Cellular Thermal Shift Assay: A Novel Biophysical Assay for In Situ Drug Target Engagement and Mechanistic Biomarker Studies","volume":"56","author":"Nordlund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, L., Park, J., Jang, H.Y., Bae, E.J., and Park, B.H. (2021). Inhibiting Protein Kinase Activity of Pyruvate Kinase M2 by SIRT2 Deacetylase Attenuates Psoriasis. J. Investig. Dermatol., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.024"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Schakel, K. (2019). Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokuyama, M., and Mabuchi, T. (2020). New Treatment Addressing the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207488"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogueira, S., Rodrigues, M.A., Vender, R., and Torres, T. (2022). Tapinarof for the treatment of psoriasis. Dermatol. Ther., 35.","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15931"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18925","article-title":"Tapinarof for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: 15 years of clinical research","volume":"37","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01748-6","article-title":"Tapinarof Cream 1%: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Keam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12974","article-title":"Targeted inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Ran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.03.016","article-title":"Tubastatin, a selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor shows anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects","volume":"16","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02561-4","article-title":"Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 suppresses inflammatory responses and invasiveness of fibroblast-like-synoviocytes in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.002","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition impairs effector CD8 T-cell functions during skin inflammation","volume":"135","author":"Tsuji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4360","article-title":"Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in cancer, neurological diseases and immune disorders","volume":"13","author":"Falkenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2023.2177251","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors as a potential new treatment for psoriatic disease and other inflammatory conditions","volume":"60","author":"Nazri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02962.x","article-title":"Under-expression of VHL and over-expression of HDAC-1, HIF-1alpha, LL-37, and IAP-2 in affected skin biopsies of patients with psoriasis","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, Y.J., Na, J.I., Byun, S.Y., Kwon, S.H., Yang, S.H., Lee, H.S., Choi, H.R., Cho, S., Youn, S.W., and Park, K.C. (2020). Histone Deacetylase 1 and Sirtuin 1 Expression in Psoriatic Skin: A Comparison between Guttate and Plaque Psoriasis. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10090157"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14889","article-title":"Recent developments of HDAC inhibitors: Emerging indications and novel molecules","volume":"87","author":"Bondarev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3092751","article-title":"Clinical Toxicities of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Subramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201923","article-title":"Reducing HDAC6 ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulya, S., Amin, S.A., Adhikari, N., Biswas, S., Jha, T., and Ghosh, B. (2021). HDAC6 as privileged target in drug discovery: A perspective. Pharmacol. Res., 163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105274"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/15\/3224\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:20:23Z","timestamp":1760034023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/15\/3224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30153224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30153224","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}}}