{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:59:21Z","timestamp":1791053961305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive, multifactorial complication of diabetes and one of the major global causes of visual impairment. Its pathogenesis involves chronic hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and pathological angiogenesis, as well as emerging systemic contributors such as gut microbiota dysregulation. While current treatments, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, corticosteroids, and laser photocoagulation, have shown clinical efficacy, they are largely limited to advanced stages of DR, require repeated invasive procedures, and do not adequately address early neurovascular and metabolic abnormalities. Resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-angiogenic properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which RSV exerts protective effects in DR, including modulation of oxidative stress pathways, suppression of inflammatory cytokines, enhancement of mitochondrial function, promotion of autophagy, and inhibition of pathological neovascularisation. Despite its promising pharmacological profile, the clinical application of RSV is limited by poor aqueous solubility, rapid systemic metabolism, and low ocular bioavailability. Various routes of administration, including intravitreal injection, topical instillation, and oral and sublingual delivery, have been investigated to enhance its therapeutic potential. Recent advances in drug delivery systems, including nanoformulations, liposomal carriers, and sustained-release intravitreal implants, offer potential strategies to address these challenges. This review also explores RSV\u2019s role in combination therapies, its potential as a disease-modifying agent in early-stage DR, and the relevance of personalised medicine approaches guided by metabolic and genetic factors. Overall, the review highlights the therapeutic potential and the key translational challenges in positioning RSV as a multi-targeted treatment strategy for DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30153262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1754313071000},"page":"3262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Resveratrol as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Retinopathy: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Potential, and Future Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3983-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snje\u017eana","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Konjevoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zadar General Hospital, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Urli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8744-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Lovri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Center Zagreb East, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"\u010canovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zadar General Hospital, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Mateji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Clinic, Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"\u0160e\u0161elja Peri\u0161in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.15.47","article-title":"The Diabetic Retinopathy \u201cPandemic\u201d and Evolving Global Strategies: The 2023 Friedenwald Lecture","volume":"64","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. 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