{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:25:38Z","timestamp":1790605538640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":526,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VV-MVP-24-0331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VV-MVP-24-0331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 01\/374\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 01\/374\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of Slovakia","award":["VV-MVP-24-0331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VV-MVP-24-0331"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of Slovakia","award":["VEGA 01\/374\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 01\/374\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review outlines a comprehensive methodology for the research and development of heterogeneous catalytic technologies (R&amp;D_HeCaTe). Emphasis is placed on the fundamental interactions between reactants, solvents, and heterogeneous catalysts\u2014specifically the roles of catalytic centers and support materials (e.g., functional groups) in modulating activation energies and stabilizing catalytic functionality. Particular attention is given to catalyst deactivation mechanisms and potential regeneration strategies. The application of molecular modeling and chemical engineering analyses, including reaction kinetics, thermal effects, and mass and heat transport phenomena, is identified as essential for R&amp;D_HeCaTe. Reactor configuration is discussed in relation to key physicochemical parameters such as molecular diffusivity, reaction exothermicity, operating temperature and pressure, and the phase and \u201caggressiveness\u201d of the reaction system. Suitable reactor types\u2014such as suspension reactors, fixed-bed reactors, and flow microreactors\u2014are evaluated accordingly. Economic and environmental considerations are also addressed, with a focus on the complexity of reactions, selectivity versus conversion trade-offs, catalyst disposal, and separation challenges. To illustrate the breadth and applicability of the proposed framework, representative industrial processes are discussed, including ammonia synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking, methanol production, alkyl tert-butyl ethers, and aniline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30153279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T13:44:32Z","timestamp":1754401472000},"page":"3279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Research and Developments of Heterogeneous Catalytic Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Kr\u00e1lik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Ko\u00f3\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4843-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Markovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3710-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavol","family":"Lopatka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinsk\u00e9ho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jess, A., and Wasserscheid, P. 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