{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:37:00Z","timestamp":1760060220411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery, UC Davis (MAD)","award":["I01BX004423, PMG","P30CA093373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX004423, PMG","P30CA093373"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research &amp; Development (BLRD) Merit Award","award":["I01BX004423, PMG","P30CA093373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX004423, PMG","P30CA093373"]}]},{"name":"University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center Support Grant","award":["I01BX004423, PMG","P30CA093373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX004423, PMG","P30CA093373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>First-line treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa) includes radical prostatectomy (RP) for high-risk disease. However, in many cases, patients experience biochemical recurrence (BCR), heralded by rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in the serum. Our goal was to identify metabolic pathways that are disrupted in BCR to determine potential targets of therapy. We conducted metabolomic analysis in prostate tissue from the tumors of 74 patients who underwent prostatectomy as treatment for localized PCa and correlated levels of metabolites with clinical and non-clinical factors. Cholesterol and triglycerides were upregulated in Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic and in obese vs. non-obese individuals, respectively. Both lipids and non-lipids were altered with increasing Gleason grades and clinical stages. High post-RP PSA (&gt;0.1 ng\/mL) indicated recurrence (p = 0.0094) and correlated with alterations in 141 metabolites including 114 lipids and 26 non-lipid molecules. The largest increase with high post-RP PSA was in 2-hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HG), a product of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, that had previously been established as an oncometabolite in other cancers. 2-HG was highly selective and specific for high post-RP PSA (AUC = 0.8526; p = 0.0002) while Kaplan\u2013Meier curves indicated that among patients who recurred, high 2-HG in the tumor reduced time-to-recurrence from 84 months (for those with low 2-HG) to 38 months (for those with high 2-HG). The addition of D2HG, an enantiomer of 2-HG, increased the growth rate of LNCaP and C4 cells, and also increased Akt and ERK phosphorylation. 2-HG is upregulated in PCa tumors from patients who experience high post-RP PSA indicative of recurrence. Future studies may target this metabolite to prevent recurrent disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30163316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1754647002000},"page":"3316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Oncometabolite 2-Hydroxyglutarate Is Upregulated in Post-Prostatectomy PSA Recurrence of Prostate Cancer: A Metabolomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Dontrel W. Spencer","family":"Hairston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamira","family":"Sridharan-Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abheek","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neelu","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blythe P.","family":"Durbin-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Dall\u2019Era","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paramita M.","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/1477-3163.83937","article-title":"Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer development and progression","volume":"10","author":"Lonergan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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