{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:09:20Z","timestamp":1788282560697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digestive pathologies are commonly encountered in both human and veterinary medicine, frequently requiring antibiotic intervention. However, their extensive use has contributed to the global increase in antimicrobial resistance, posing a major public health challenge. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, alternative antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. This study assessed the total polyphenolic content and in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum fruits against six digestive bacterial pathogens: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Enterobacter cloacae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. The total polyphenolic content of the extracts was 8509.457 \u03bcg\/g for Salvia officinalis, 8140.996 \u03bcg\/g for Origanum majorana, and 5776.616 \u03bcg\/g for Ribes nigrum. R. nigrum showed the strongest antimicrobial effect (MIC 0.002 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL; MBC 0.001 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL) against Y. enterocolitica. S. officinalis had the highest efficacy against E. faecalis, while O. majorana was effective against both Y. enterocolitica and E. faecalis. All extracts showed bactericidal activity with MIC index values between 0.5 and 4. These findings suggest that these polyphenol-rich plant extracts may serve as promising natural antimicrobials or as adjuvants to conventional antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30163341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T14:32:36Z","timestamp":1754922756000},"page":"3341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Origanum majorana, Salvia officinalis, and Ribes nigrum Against Digestive Pathogens: Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5192-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana-Roxana","family":"Haralambie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3900-1433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana-\u0218tefania","family":"Novac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8268-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drago\u0219","family":"Hodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Ranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0622-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanda","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150504","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0504","article-title":"When Pathogenic Bacteria Meet the Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"371","author":"Rolhion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phil. 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