{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:52:19Z","timestamp":1791420739206,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico-Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["DGAPA-PAPIIT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGAPA-PAPIIT"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico-Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico-Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["IN-204225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN-204225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by a clinical and\/or biochemical hyperandrogenism. In addition, PCOS is also associated with the presence of ovarian cysts, anovulation, and menstrual abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. The aetiology of the syndrome is multifactorial and heterogeneous due to the interaction of genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and environmental factors, as well as the different phenotypes and responses to treatments exhibited by the patients. Considering this complex interaction, it is essential to continue with the research focused on the mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of the pathology. The alteration in the pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is considered to be one of the main causes that contributes to its onset. In this review, we discuss recent evidence about the role of the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V), the arcuate nucleus (ARC), and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), key hypothalamic regions that regulate GnRH secretion, in the development of PCOS. In addition, we analyse the clinical, metabolic, and endocrine factors that interact in the patients with PCOS, offering a multifactorial perspective to improve our understanding of this disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30163407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T13:28:22Z","timestamp":1755523702000},"page":"3407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Hypothalamic Nuclei Implicated in the Regulation of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review of Its Clinical, Metabolic, and Endocrine Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Vieyra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction Research Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Nursing Career, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos-Camilo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Linares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta-Azucena","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction Research Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"},{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"de la Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Career, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Morales-Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology Laboratory-UIBR, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/61987","article-title":"History of discovery of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Szydlarska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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