{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T16:00:22Z","timestamp":1778428822444,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gynae-oncology Research and Clinical Excellence (GRACE) charity","award":["#10418168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10418168"]}]},{"name":"University Hospital Coventry &amp; Warwickshire (UHCW)","award":["#10418168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10418168"]}]},{"name":"NHS Trust","award":["#10418168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10418168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Following the discovery of the adipokine\/hormone asprosin, a substantial amount of research has provided evidence for its role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, as well as appetite, and insulin sensitivity. Its levels are dysregulated in certain disease states, including breast cancer. To date, little is known about its role in endometrial cancer (EC). The present study investigated the effects of asprosin on the transcriptome of the Ishikawa and NOU-1 EC cell lines, and assessed the expression of asprosin\u2019s candidate receptors (TLR4, PTPRD, and OR4M1) in health and disease. (2) Methods: tissue culture, RNA extraction, RNA sequencing, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, gene enrichment and in silico analyses were used for this study. (3) Results: TLR4 and PTPRD were significantly downregulated in EC when compared to healthy controls. TLR4 appeared to have a prognostic role in terms of overall survival (OS) in EC patients (i.e., higher expression, better OS). RNA sequencing revealed that asprosin affected 289 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Ishikawa cells and 307 DEGs in NOU-1 cells. Pathway enrichment included apoptosis, glycolysis, hypoxia, and PI3K\/AKT\/ mTOR\/NOTCH signalling for Ishikawa-treated cells. In NOU-1, enriched processes included inflammatory response, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reactive oxygen species pathways, and interferon gamma responses. Other signalling pathways included mTORC1, DNA repair, and p53, amongst others. (4) Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of understanding receptor dynamics and signalling pathways in the context of asprosin\u2019s role in EC, and provide evidence for a potential role of TLR4 as a diagnostic biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30163410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T13:28:22Z","timestamp":1755523702000},"page":"3410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Asprosin and Role of TLR4 as a Biomarker in Endometrial Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Karkia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9371-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Sisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayeh","family":"Saravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"},{"name":"College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harpal S.","family":"Randeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayanta","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Karteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SHutt, D., Mihaies, E., Karteris, A., Michael, A., Payne, M., and Chatterjee, J. (2021). Statistical Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer and Development of a Risk Prediction Model Using an Artificial Neural Network Algorithm. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153689"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2023.13754","article-title":"Risk of endometrial cancer in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.5301\/JBM.5000047","article-title":"Overweight, Obesity and Endometrial Cancer Risk: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Markers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1545-4279","article-title":"2020 WHO Classification of Female Genital Tumors","volume":"81","author":"Brambs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70591-6","article-title":"Classification of endometrial carcinoma: More than two types","volume":"15","author":"Murali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv484","article-title":"ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Consensus Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Colombo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2020-002230","article-title":"ESGO\/ESTRO\/ESP guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Concin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karkia, R., Maccarthy, G., Payne, A., Karteris, E., Pazoki, R., and Chatterjee, J. (2025). The Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women: A UK Biobank Study. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030751"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0248-1","article-title":"Serum asprosin levels and bariatric surgery outcomes in obese adults","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2124","article-title":"Asprosin, visfatin and subfatin as new biomarkers of obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Ugur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol.Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.02.012","article-title":"Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor \u03b4 serves as the orexigenic asprosin receptor","volume":"34","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.03.001","article-title":"Asprosin impairs insulin secretion in response to glucose and viability through TLR4\/JNK-mediated inflammation","volume":"486","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabir, K., Gharanei, S., Orton, S., Patel, V., Chauhan, P., Karteris, E., Randeva, H.S., Brown, J.E., and Kyrou, I. (2022). Asprosin Exerts Pro-Inflammatory Effects in THP-1 Macrophages Mediated via the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010227"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.022","article-title":"OLFR734 Mediates Glucose Metabolism as a Receptor of Asprosin","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerslake, R., Sisu, C., Panfilov, S., Hall, M., Khan, N., Jeyaneethi, J., Randeva, H., Kyrou, I., and Karteris, E. (2022). Differential Regulation of Genes by the Glucogenic Hormone Asprosin in Ovarian Cancer. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195942"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00231-13","article-title":"Forget Transcription: Translation Is Where the Action Is","volume":"33","author":"Maggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orton, S., Karkia, R., Mustafov, D., Gharanei, S., Braoudaki, M., Filipe, A., Panfilov, S., Saravi, S., Khan, N., and Kyrou, I. (2024). In Silico and In Vitro Mapping of Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type D in Health and Disease: Implications for Asprosin Signalling in Endometrial Cancer and Neuroblastoma. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16030582"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1469-4","article-title":"PTPRD-inactivation-induced CXCL8 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis in gastric cancer and is inhibited by metformin","volume":"38","author":"Bae","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20746","article-title":"A catalog of genes homozygously deleted in human lung cancer and the candidacy of PTPRD as a tumor suppressor gene","volume":"49","author":"Kohno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2011.231","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphatase PTPRD suppresses colon cancer cell migration in coordination with CD44\u2032","volume":"2","author":"Funato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1445","article-title":"Genetic overlap between endometriosis and endometrial cancer: Evidence from cross-disease genetic correlation and GWAS meta-analyses","volume":"7","author":"Painter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameer, A.S., and Nissar, S. (2021). Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs): Structure, Functions, Signaling, and Role of Their Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1157023"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F38","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00590.2010","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 activates NF-\u03baB and MAP kinase pathways to regulate expression of proinflammatory COX-2 in renal medullary collecting duct cells","volume":"302","author":"Neuhofer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13916","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13916","article-title":"Active Heme Metabolism Suppresses Macrophage Phagocytosis via the TLR4\/Type I IFN Signaling\/CD36 in Uterine Endometrial Cancer","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"7431","article-title":"Fusaric acid inhibits cell proliferation and downregulates expressions of toll-like receptors pathway genes in Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Gulbay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashton, K.A., Proietto, A., Otton, G., Symonds, I., McEvoy, M., Attia, J., and Scott, R.J. (2010). Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) and Nucleosome-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD) gene polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-382"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allhorn, S., B\u00f6ing, C., Koch, A.A., Kimmig, R., and Gashaw, I. (2008). TLR3 and TLR4 expression in healthy and diseased human endometrium. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-6-40"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.A., Islam, S.M.S., Quinn, J.M.W., Huq, F., and Moni, M.A. (2019). Machine learning and bioinformatics models to identify gene expression patterns of ovarian cancer associated with disease progression and mortality. J. Biomed. Inform., 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103313"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13088","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24178","article-title":"Role of TLR4 as a prognostic factor for survival in various cancers: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117435","article-title":"The role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers","volume":"247","author":"Lupi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-025-03971-5","article-title":"Olfactory receptors and human diseases","volume":"401","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4646","article-title":"Co-expression of peripheral olfactory receptors with SARS-CoV-2 infection mediators: Potential implications beyond loss of smell as a COVID-19 symptom","volume":"46","author":"Kerslake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12911","article-title":"A pancancer overview of FBN1, asprosin and its cognate receptor OR4M1 with detailed expression profiling in ovarian cancer","volume":"22","author":"Kerslake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01594","article-title":"Identification of human myometrial target genes of the cAMP pathway: The role of cAMP-response element binding (CREB) and modulator (CREM\u03b1 and CREM\u03c42\u03b1) proteins","volume":"34","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24232","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24232","article-title":"A combined biomarker panel shows improved sensitivity and specificity for detection of ovarian cancer","volume":"36","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-019-09799-0","article-title":"The role of carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer development: Links to hypoxia, acidosis, and beyond","volume":"38","author":"Pastorekova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronca, R., and Supuran, C.T. (2024). Carbonic anhydrase IX: An atypical target for innovative therapies in cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Rev. Cancer, 1879.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189120"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2025.100672","article-title":"Identification of prognostic biomarkers for endometrioid endometrial carcinoma based on the miRNA and mRNA co-expression network regulated by estradiol","volume":"80","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17582","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17582","article-title":"Identification and validation of calcium extrusion-related genes prognostic signature in colon adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666181206095626","article-title":"Sense of Smell: Structural, Functional, Mechanistic Advancements and Challenges in Human Olfactory Research","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42306-4","article-title":"Olfactory desensitization requires membrane targeting of receptor kinase mediated by beta gamma-subunits of heterotrimeric G. proteins","volume":"269","author":"Boekhoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25425","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.41.25425","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) gene disruption leads to loss of odorant receptor desensitization","volume":"272","author":"Peppel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9902","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2897-06.2006","article-title":"\u03b2-Arrestin2-Mediated Internalization of Mammalian Odorant Receptors","volume":"26","author":"Mashukova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fattahi, F., Saeednejad Zanjani, L., Habibi Shams, Z., Kiani, J., Mehrazma, M., Najafi, M., and Madjd, Z. (2021). High expression of DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) is associated with advanced pathological features in the patients with colorectal cancer. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92720-z"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-220368","article-title":"The prognostic significance of DDIT4 in endometrial cancer","volume":"37","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.5.7887","article-title":"REDD1 is required for RAS-mediated transformation of human ovarian epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.12.002","article-title":"PRR11 is a novel gene implicated in cell cycle progression and lung cancer","volume":"45","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, W., Yi, L., Dong, X., Cao, M., Zheng, J., Wei, Q., and Yuan, C. (2023). PRR11 is a prognostic biomarker and correlates with immune infiltrates in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29316-2"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-020-02077-2","article-title":"Proline-rich protein 11 overexpression is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor overall survival in ovarian cancer patients","volume":"18","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-023-00448-4","article-title":"Spindle function and Wnt pathway inhibition by PBX1 to suppress tumor progression via downregulating DCDC2 in colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoac026","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac026","article-title":"The effect of pre-analytical variables on downstream application and data analysis of human endometrial biopsies","volume":"2022","author":"Maclean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Gutierrez, E., C\u00e9spedes, M.V., Gallardo, A., Rioja-Blanco, E., Pavon, M.A., Asensio-Puig, L., Farre, L., Alba-Castellon, L., Unzueta, U., and Villaverde, A. (2022). Novel Endometrial Cancer Models Using Sensitive Metastasis Tracing for CXCR4-Targeted Therapy in Advanced Disease. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071680"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02204-y","article-title":"Glycolysis-mTORC1 crosstalk drives proliferation of patient-derived endometrial cancer spheroid cells with ALDH activity","volume":"10","author":"Ueda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.041","article-title":"Silencing Bmi1 expression suppresses cancer stemness and enhances chemosensitivity in endometrial cancer cells","volume":"108","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4608(01)00658-6","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a poorly differentiated lethal human endometrial carcinoma cell line (NOU-1) with karyotype 46,XX","volume":"138","author":"Faruqi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Genet. Cytogenet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1334","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab970","article-title":"OncoDB: An interactive online database for analysis of gene expression and viral infection in cancer","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.016","article-title":"Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks","volume":"7","author":"Trapnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhmedov, M., Martinelli, A., Geiger, R., and Kwee, I. (2020). Omics Playground: A comprehensive self-service platform for visualization, analytics and exploration of Big Omics Data. NAR Genom. Bioinform., 2.","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqz019"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Van Der Maaten, L., Courville, A., Fergus, R., and Manning, C. (2025, July 15). Accelerating t-SNE Using Tree-Based Algorithms. Available online: https:\/\/jmlr.org\/papers\/v15\/vandermaaten14a.html."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxp008","article-title":"A penalized matrix decomposition, with applications to sparse principal components and canonical correlation analysis","volume":"10","author":"Witten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1144","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1013","article-title":"PrimerBank: A PCR primer database for quantitative gene expression analysis, 2012 update","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/16\/3410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:30:12Z","timestamp":1760034612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/16\/3410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30163410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30163410","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]}}}