{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:14:55Z","timestamp":1783703695983,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22408296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22408296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M711368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-KQ24009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KQ24009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JUSRP122037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUSRP122037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20221081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22408296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22408296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M711368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-KQ24009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KQ24009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JUSRP122037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUSRP122037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20221081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22408296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22408296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M711368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-KQ24009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KQ24009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JUSRP122037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUSRP122037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20221081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["22408296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22408296"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2022M711368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M711368"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["SWU-KQ24009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KQ24009"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["JUSRP122037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JUSRP122037"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20221081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stevioside, a natural high-intensity sweetener, is widely employed across the food, pharmaceutical, and daily chemical industries due to its intense sweetness and health benefits. However, traditional extraction and purification processes for steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana are plagued by low efficiency, high energy consumption, substantial environmental impact, and inconsistent product quality. This study systematically optimized the extraction, decolorization, decontamination, and desalting processes to overcome these challenges. The extraction method was refined using 20% ethanol as the solvent, an optimal temperature of 50 \u00b0C, and a 1:10 material-to-liquid ratio, increasing the steviol glycoside yield from 32.0% to 49.1%. Decolorization employing a combination of resins D940 and T5 achieved decolorization rates of 89\u201392% with minimized steviol glycoside loss, surpassing the non-selective adsorption limitations of activated carbon. For decontamination, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) outperformed diatomaceous earth, attaining a 98% protein removal rate while maintaining steviol glycoside loss below 20%. The desalting resin LXP-016 demonstrated superior performance at 40 \u00b0C, enhancing the ability of ionic impurity removal. These optimizations collectively improve the efficiency, sustainability, and quality of steviol glycoside production, offering a promising framework for industrial-scale applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30163416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:59:01Z","timestamp":1755601141000},"page":"3416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultrasound-Assisted Coupled with Resin-Based Purification for Sustainable Extraction of Steviosides from Stevia rebaudiana Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Zidan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolbert","family":"Osire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfei","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130991","article-title":"Natural sweeteners: Sources, extraction and current uses in foods and food industries","volume":"370","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.140","article-title":"Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, source of a high-potency natural sweetener: A comprehensive review on the biochemical, nutritional and functional aspects","volume":"132","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139622","article-title":"Properties, extraction and purification technologies of Stevia rebaudiana steviol glycosides: A review","volume":"453","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2018.07.018","article-title":"Advances in ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from cash crops\u2013A review","volume":"48","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-023-01346-6","article-title":"Recent advancement in ultrasound-assisted novel technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal plants: A review","volume":"32","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.192","article-title":"Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the green recovery of bioactive compounds and steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves","volume":"254","author":"Barba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-015-0475-8","article-title":"Influence of extraction methods on the yield of steviol glycosides and antioxidants in Stevia rebaudiana extracts","volume":"70","author":"Periche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1515\/intag-2015-0017","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of functional ingredients from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Agrophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2009.12.005","article-title":"Ultrasonically assisted extraction of total carbohydrates from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and identification of extracts","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1556\/066.2023.00245","article-title":"Influence of solvent type and leaf moisture on extraction efficiency of major steviol glycosides in stevia (var. Levent 93) plant","volume":"53","author":"Karhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Aliment."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-023-00787-0","article-title":"Technologies for the extraction and post-extraction of Stevia rebaudiana leaves","volume":"7","author":"Iwuozor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Afr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameer, K., Ameer, S., Kim, Y.-M., Nadeem, M., Park, M.-K., Murtaza, M.A., Khan, M.A., Nasir, M.A., Mueen-ud-Din, G., and Mahmood, S. (2022). A hybrid RSM-ANN-GA approach on optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for bioactive component-rich Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves extract. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11060883"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.078","article-title":"Response surface methodology to optimise Accelerated Solvent Extraction of steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves","volume":"166","author":"Jentzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.06.006","article-title":"Downstream processing of stevioside and its potential applications","volume":"29","author":"Puri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.121","article-title":"Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of total extract, stevioside and rebaudioside-A from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves, using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling","volume":"229","author":"Ameer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.06.091","article-title":"Innovative technologies for the recovery of phytochemicals from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves: A review","volume":"268","author":"Maras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raspe, D.T., da Silva, C., and da Costa, S.C. (2022). Compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves: An overview of non-conventional extraction methods and challenges. Food Biosci., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101593"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6835","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01994","article-title":"Current and new insights in the sustainable and green recovery of nutritionally valuable compounds from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni","volume":"63","author":"Koubaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, J., and Mysiak, D. (2024). Development of Thin Film Microextraction with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as \u2018Eutectosorbents\u2019 for Preconcentration of Popular Sweeteners and Preservatives from Functional Beverages and Flavoured Waters. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194573"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"247","article-title":"Green extraction of glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) with low solvent consumption: A desirability approach","volume":"2","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Resour.-Effic. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Carb\u00f3n, V., Sayago, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez, R., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Recamales, \u00c1. (2019). Simple and efficient green extraction of steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8090402"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.13.1.2","article-title":"The Battle of Natural Sweeteners: A comprehensive guide to monk fruit and stevia","volume":"13","author":"Wazir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.09.046","article-title":"New insights into phenol and polyphenol composition of Stevia rebaudiana leaves","volume":"163","author":"Pacifico","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"513","article-title":"Decolorizing Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) leaf extracts with activated charcoal and qualitative analysis of stevioside using chromatographic methods","volume":"14","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sep. Techniques."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106646","article-title":"A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies","volume":"101","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponphaiboon, J., Krongrawa, W., Aung, W.W., Chinatangkul, N., Limmatvapirat, S., and Limmatvapirat, C. (2023). Advances in natural product extraction techniques, electrospun fiber fabrication, and the integration of experimental design: A comprehensive review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28135163"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9629","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2020232","article-title":"Preparative separation and purification of rebaudioside a from steviol glycosides using mixed-mode macroporous adsorption resins","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3329\/ajmbr.v2i1.27577","article-title":"Biochemical and phytochemical evaluation of Stevia rebaudiana","volume":"2","author":"Howlader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA00756A","article-title":"A green method for decolorization of polysaccharides from alfalfa by S-8 macroporous resin and their characterization and antioxidant activity","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/cche.10447","article-title":"Determination of soluble wheat protein fractions using the Bradford assay","volume":"98","author":"Rekowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2015.06.001","article-title":"GROMACS: High performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers","volume":"1","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa da Silva, A.W., and Vranken, W.F. (2012). ACPYPE-Antechamber python parser interface. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-367"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.22711","article-title":"Improved side-chain torsion potentials for the Amber ff99SB protein force field","volume":"78","author":"Piana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21224","article-title":"PACKMOL: A package for building initial configurations for molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"30","author":"Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2023.101084","article-title":"Classical and reactive molecular dynamics: Principles and applications in combustion and energy systems","volume":"97","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/16\/3416\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:30:44Z","timestamp":1760034644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/16\/3416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30163416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30163416","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]}}}