{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:25:02Z","timestamp":1792095902082,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jan Kochanowski University","award":["SUPB.RN.25.019, 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25.019, 2025"]}]},{"name":"Jan Kochanowski University","award":["RID\/SP\/0015\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0015\/2024\/01"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Science (Poland)","award":["SUPB.RN.25.019, 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPB.RN.25.019, 2025"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Science (Poland)","award":["RID\/SP\/0015\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0015\/2024\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salvia yangii is a popular garden plant known for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and skin protective properties of S. yangii extracts, which have not previously been studied in this regard. Comparison of the water\u2013ethanol extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with a CO2 extract showed that the former had higher content of polyphenolic compounds. Chromatographic analyses of UAE identified such phenolic compounds as rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, and caffeic acid. The biological properties of UAE were also tested in vitro on 15 microbial strains as well as on two lines of skin cells. In addition, a hydrogel and lotion based on the extract were tested for rheological and textural properties. This study showed that S. yangii extract can be a valuable natural cosmetic material owing to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, photoprotective, and anti-aging effects. The future use of S. yangii extracts in the cosmetic industry is promising due to its particular chemical profile and biological properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T08:19:32Z","timestamp":1756282772000},"page":"3505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Salvia yangii Extract as a Promising Protective Raw Material Applied Topically to the Skin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Michalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19, 35-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"\u017barnowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Ostr\u00f3\u017cka-Cie\u015blik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Bocho-Janiszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Chemistry, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, ul. Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0230-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Stryjecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, The University College of Applied Sciences in Che\u0142m, Pocztowa 54, 22-100 Che\u0142m, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Dobros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Kostrzewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0141ukasiewicz Research Network\u2014New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13A, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Paradowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M. (2022). Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020585"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M. (2023). Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015444"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117627","article-title":"Critical analysis of green extraction techniques used for botanicals: Trends, priorities, and optimization strategies-A review","volume":"173","author":"Cannavacciuolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.997250","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory constituents from Perovskia atriplicifolia","volume":"53","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6163","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2014.17001","article-title":"Cholinesterase Inhibitory Triterpenes from Perovskia atriplicifolia","volume":"26","author":"Perveen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015alusarczyk, S., Deniz, F.S.S., Abel, R., Pecio, \u0141., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, H., Cer\u00f3n-Carrasco, J.P., den-Haan, H., Banerjee, P., Preissner, R., and Krzy\u017cak, E. (2020). Norditerpenoids with Selective Anti-Cholinesterase Activity from the Roots of Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124475"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gostin, I.N., and Popescu, I.E. (2025). Russian Sage Revealed: Exploring Biology, Cultivation, and Chemical Dimensions of Salvia yangii. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040868"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_559_16","article-title":"Inhibition of glycation-induced cytotoxicity, protein glycation, and activity of proteolytic enzymes by extract from Perovskia atriplicifolia Roots","volume":"13","author":"Miroliaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00218","article-title":"Flavonoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Their in Vitro Displacement of the Respective Radioligands for Human Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors","volume":"78","author":"Tarawneh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1396151","article-title":"Icetexane Diterpenoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia","volume":"81","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"43","article-title":"Healing Effect of Perovskia Abrotanoides Karel and Expression of VEGF and TGF-\u0392 Genes in Burn Injury of Rats","volume":"5","author":"Rabiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielecka, M., Pencakowski, B., Stafiniak, M., Jakubowski, K., Rahimmalek, M., Gharibi, S., Matkowski, A., and \u015alusarczyk, S. (2021). Metabolomics and DNA-Based Authentication of Two Traditional Asian Medicinal and Aromatic Species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010112"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Isolation and Fast Selective Determination of Nor-abietanoid Diterpenoids from Perovskia atriplicifolia Roots Using LC-ESI-MS\/MS with Multiple Reaction Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Topolski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2016.10.012","article-title":"Selective in vitro and in silico butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of diterpenes and rosmarinic acid isolated from Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. And Salvia glutinosa L.","volume":"133","author":"Senol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410500463205","article-title":"Phenolic constituents from Perovskia atriplicifolia","volume":"20","author":"Perveen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffari, Z., Rahimmalek, M., and Sabzalian, M.R. (2018). Variations in Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activity in Perovskia abrotanoides KAR. Collected from Different Regions in Iran. Chem. Biodivers., 15.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201700565"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topal, M., and Gulcin, I. (2022). Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholinergic properties of rosmarinic acid from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 43.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102417"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadeem, M., Imran, M., Aslam Gondal, T., Imran, A., Shahbaz, M., Muhammad Amir, R., Wasim Sajid, M., Batool Qaisrani, T., Atif, M., and Hussain, G. (2019). Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153139"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.04.025","article-title":"In vitro methods to determine the antioxidant activity of caffeic acid","volume":"219","author":"Spagnol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyrzynska, K. (2022). Hesperidin: A Review on Extraction Methods, Stability and Biological Activities. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122387"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0206-9","article-title":"The antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of flavonoids dominated by the number and location of phenolic hydroxyl groups","volume":"13","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Okediran, A.P. (2015). Evaluation Of In Vitro Methods of Antioxidant Activity Determination Using Caffeic Acid. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ghana]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.509734","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of hesperidin from Citrus peel using electron spin resonance and cytotoxic activity against human carcinoma cell lines","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M., Pierzak, M., Kr\u0119cisz, B., and Suliga, E. (2021). Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010203"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhan, M. (2024). The Promising Role of Polyphenols in Skin Disorders. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29040865"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01606.x","article-title":"Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity","volume":"267","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jodynis-Liebert, J., and Kujawska, M. (2020). Biphasic Dose-Response Induced by Phytochemicals: Experimental Evidence. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030718"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.75","article-title":"Neutral red uptake assay for the estimation of cell viability\/cytotoxicity","volume":"3","author":"Repetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-008-8037-y","article-title":"Hormetic dietary phytochemicals","volume":"10","author":"Son","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luca, S.V., Skalicka-Wo\u017aniak, K., Mihai, C.T., Gradinaru, A.C., Mandici, A., Ciocarlan, N., Miron, A., and Aprotosoaie, A.C. (2023). Chemical Profile and Bioactivity Evaluation of Salvia Species from Eastern Europe. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081514"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhumaliyeva, G., Zhussupova, A., Zhusupova, G.E., B\u0142o\u0144ska-Sikora, E., Cerreto, A., Omirbekova, N., Zhunusbayeva, Z., Gemejiyeva, N., Ramazanova, M., and Wrzosek, M. (2023). Natural Compounds of Salvia L. Genus and Molecular Mechanism of Their Biological Activity. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123151"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudrapal, M., Khairnar, S.J., Khan, J., Dukhyil, A.B., Ansari, M.A., Alomary, M.N., Alshabrmi, F.M., Palai, S., Deb, P.K., and Devi, R. (2022). Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.806470"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-03997-2","article-title":"Antioxidants: A comprehensive review","volume":"99","author":"Gulcin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Rahaman, M.S., Islam, M.R., Rahman, F., Mithi, F.M., Alqahtani, T., Almikhlafi, M.A., Alghamdi, S.Q., Alruwaili, A.S., and Hossain, M.S. (2021). Role of Phenolic Compounds in Human Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.07.017","article-title":"Pro-Oxidant Activity of Polyphenols and its Implication on Cancer Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy","volume":"98","author":"Auger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750508","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.750508","article-title":"Antioxidant\/pro-oxidant Actions of Polyphenols from grapevine and Wine By-Products-Base for Complementary Therapy in Ischemic Heart Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chedea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ert\u00fcrk, E., Onur, O.E., Aydin, I., Ozel, M.Z., Firat, M., and Ari, F. (2023). Cytotoxic Potential of Rare Plant Salvia candidissima subsp. candidissima on Breast Cancer Cells. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 66.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2023220358"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, A.F., Pereira, O.R., Fernandes, \u00c2.S.F., Calhelha, R.C., Silva, A.M.S., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., and Cardoso, S.M. (2019). The Health-Benefits and Phytochemical Profile of Salvia apiana and Salvia farinacea var. Victoria Blue Decoctions. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080241"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Gao, X., Guo, Y., and Xie, W. (2024). Research Progress on Bioactive Factors against Skin Aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073797"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2016.1256882","article-title":"Skin whitening agents: Medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors","volume":"32","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matwiejczuk, N., Galicka, A., Zar\u0119ba, I., and Brz\u00f3ska, M.M. (2020). The Protective Effect of Rosmarinic Acid Against Unfavorable Influence of Methylparaben and Propylparaben on Collagen in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051282"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2019.1617363","article-title":"Anti-aging formulation of rosmarinic acid-loaded ethosomes and liposomes","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund, G., Shanaida, M., Lysiuk, R., Butnariu, M., Peana, M., Sarac, I., Strus, O., Smetanina, K., and Chirumbolo, S. (2022). Natural Compounds and Products from an Anti-Aging Perspective. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207084"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzia\u0142o, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J., and Kulma, A. (2016). The Potential of Plant Phenolics in Prevention and Therapy of Skin Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020160"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2023.2196077","article-title":"In silico and in vitro elastase inhibition assessment assays of rosmarinic acid natural product from Rosmarinus officinalis Linn","volume":"38","author":"Jesus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutkowska, J., Hupert, N., Gawron, K., Strawa, J.W., Tomczyk, M., Forlino, A., and Galicka, A. (2021). The Stimulating Effect of Rosmarinic Acid and Extracts from Rosemary and Lemon Balm on Collagen Type I Biosynthesis in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I Skin Fibroblasts. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070938"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galicka, A., and Sutkowska-Skolimowska, J. (2021). The Beneficial Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on Benzophenone-3-Induced Alterations in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111451"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"80","article-title":"Rosmarinic Acid as a Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tousif, M.I., Nazir, M., Riaz, N., Saleem, M., Tauseef, S., Azam, S.M., Arfan Yawer, M., and Zengin, G. (2023). Terpenoids as Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE) Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Natural Anti-inflammatory Isoprenoids. Chembiochem, 24.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202300346"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2020.1862099","article-title":"Screening the dermatological potential of plectranthus species components: Antioxidant and inhibitory capacities over elastase, collagenase and tyrosinase","volume":"36","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, J., Sung, J., Lee, H., Kim, Y., Jeong, H.S., and Lee, J. (2019). Protective activity of caffeic acid against UVB-induced photoaging in human fibroblasts via MAPKs\/NF-\u03baB inactivation. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12701"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13086","article-title":"Anti-skin aging properties of protocatechuic acid in vitro and in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12940","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190912940","article-title":"Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on Melanogenesis of B16 Melanoma Cells","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.01.078","article-title":"Inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinaseby p-alkoxybenzoic acids","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2004.00241.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and skin aging: Roles of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and protease activation, and strategies for prevention of inflammation-induced matrix degradation\u2014A review","volume":"27","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV radiation and the skin","volume":"14","author":"Jarrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhartiya, P., Masur, K., Shome, D., Kaushik, N., Nguyen, L.N., Kaushik, N.K., and Choi, E.H. (2021). Influence of Redox Stress on Crosstalk between Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121338"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barygina, V., Becatti, M., Prignano, F., Lotti, T., Taddei, N., and Fiorillo, C. (2019). Fibroblasts to Keratinocytes Redox Signaling: The Possible Role of ROS in Psoriatic Plaque Formation. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110566"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020545","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin","volume":"5","author":"Rinnerthaler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 by redox stressors, nutrient cues, and energy status and the pathways through which it attenuates degenerative disease","volume":"88","author":"Tebay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leri, M., Scuto, M., Ontario, M.L., Calabrese, V., Calabrese, E.J., Bucciantini, M., and Stefani, M. (2020). Healthy Effects of Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041250"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.01.028","article-title":"Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies?","volume":"476","author":"Halliwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobotaru, G.V., Goje, I.-D., Dehelean, C.A., Danciu, C., Magyari-Pavel, I.Z., Moac\u0103, E.-A., Muntean, D., Imbrea, I.M., S\u0103r\u0103\u021beanu, V., and Pop, G. (2025). Analysis of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Migratory Properties of the Essential Oils Obtained from Cultivated Medicinal Lamiaceae Species. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14060846"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Li, Y., Xu, D.P., Li, S., Chen, Y.M., and Li, H.B. (2016). Natural Polyphenols for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080515"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-1001-3","article-title":"Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms","volume":"302","author":"Nichols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macedo, P.I.d.S., Pinto, C.A.S.d.O., Hiraishi, C.F., Marques, G.d.A., Escudeiro, C.C., Pessoa, F.V.L.S., Gregorio, J., Rosado, C., Velasco, M.V.R., and Baby, A.R. (2025). Enhancing Photoprotection and Mitigating Ex Vivo Stratum Corneum Oxidative Stress: A Multifunctional Strategy Combining Rosmarinic Acid with UVB Filters. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030274"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e2ndido, T.M., Ariede, M.B., Pinto, C.A.S.d.O., Lima, F.V., Magalh\u00e3es, W.V., Pedro, N.M.E., Padovani, G., Sufi, B.d.S., Rijo, P., and Velasco, M.V.R. (2022). Rosmarinic Acid Multifunctional Sunscreen: Comet Assay and In Vivo Establishment of Cutaneous Attributes. Cosmetics, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202206.0367.v1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira Bispo, M., Morocho-J\u00e1come, A.L., Escudeiro, C.C., Martinez, R.M., de Oliveira Pinto, C.A.S., Rosado, C., Velasco, M.V.R., and Baby, A.R. (2023). Photoprotective Efficacy of the Association of Rosmarinic Acid 0.1% with Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate and Avobenzone. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10010011"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bittner Fialov\u00e1, S., Rendekov\u00e1, K., Mu\u010daji, P., Nagy, M., and Slobodn\u00edkov\u00e1, L. (2021). Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Their Constituents in the Context of Skin and Wound Infections, Considering European Legislation and Folk Medicine\u2014A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910746"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em582","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/14572","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance Pathogens in Dermatology: A Retrospective Study in Romania, 2018\u20132022","volume":"21","author":"Iancu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electron. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"208","article-title":"Skin Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"100","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pato, C., Melo-Cristino, J., Ramirez, M., and Fri\u00e3es, A. (2018). Streptococcus pyogenes Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Are Enriched in the Recently Emerged emm89 Clade 3 and Are Not Associated With Abrogation of CovRS. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02372"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlSheikh, H.M.A., Sultan, I., Kumar, V., Rather, I.A., Al-Sheikh, H., Tasleem Jan, A., and Haq, Q.M.R. (2020). Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Possible Alternative to Antibiotics in Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9080480"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.18006\/2023.11(5).780.790","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of plant extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa\u2014A review","volume":"11","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quradha, M.M., Duru, M.E., Kucukaydin, S., Tamfu, A.N., Iqbal, M., Bibi, H., Khan, R., and Ceylan, O. (2024). Comparative assessment of phenolic composition profile and biological activities of green extract and conventional extracts of Salvia sclarea. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51661-z"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iobbi, V., Parisi, V., Bernab\u00e8, G., De Tommasi, N., Bisio, A., and Brun, P. (2023). Anti-Biofilm Activity of Carnosic Acid from Salvia rosmarinus against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12213679"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdallah, E.M., Alhatlani, B.Y., de Paula Menezes, R., and Martins, C.H.G. (2023). Back to Nature: Medicinal Plants as Promising Sources for Antibacterial Drugs in the Post-Antibiotic Era. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173077"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2022019","article-title":"Biofilms: Formation, drug resistance and alternatives to conventional approaches","volume":"8","author":"Mirghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarojini, S., Jayaram, S., Kalathilparambil Santhosh, S., Priyadarshini, P., Pappuswamy, M., and Balasubramanian, B. (2025). Harnessing the Potential of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Phytochemicals in the Combat Against Superbugs: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070692"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.11.050","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid common plant polyphenol","volume":"146","author":"Ivanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0119pa, M., Miklasi\u0144ska-Majdanik, M., Wojtyczka, R.D., Idzik, D., Korzeniowski, K., Smole\u0144-Dzirba, J., and W\u0105sik, T.J. (2018). Antimicrobial Potential of Caffeic Acid against Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Strains. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7413504"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.845878","article-title":"Antistaphylococcal and bioflm inhibitory activities of gallic, cafeic, and chlorogenic acids","volume":"30","author":"Luis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumar, K., Muhilvannan, S., and Vignesh, A. (2022). Hesperidin inhibits biofilm formation, virulence and staphyloxanthin synthesis in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus by targeting Sar A and Crt M: An in vitro and in silico approach. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 38.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03232-5"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06390-w","article-title":"Biopolymers for hydrogels in cosmetics: Review","volume":"31","author":"Mitura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5114\/ms.2023.131692","article-title":"Pharmaceutical availability of hydrogels with extracts of Arnica montana, Aesculus hippocastanum and Ruscus aculeatus and their potential use as antioxidant polyphenol-rich material","volume":"39","author":"Michalak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Stud."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franceschini, M., Pizzetti, F., and Rossi, F. (2025). On the Key Role of Polymeric Rheology Modifiers in Emulsion-Based Cosmetics. Cosmetics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12020076"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2019.3.6","article-title":"Rheological and textural properties of hydrogels, containing sulfur as a model drug, made using different polymers types","volume":"64","author":"Winnicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polimery"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostr\u00f3\u017cka-Cie\u015blik, A., Maci\u0105\u017cek-Jurczyk, M., Po\u017cycka, J., and Doli\u0144ska, B. (2021). Pre-Formulation Studies: Physicochemical Characteristics and In Vitro Release Kinetics of Insulin from Selected Hydrogels. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081215"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"49","article-title":"Sucha sk\u00f3ra jako aktualny problem kliniczny","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Integr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-002-0808-7","article-title":"Rheological properties and microstructures of Carbopol gel network system","volume":"281","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12661","article-title":"Measurements Meet Perceptions: Rheology\u2013Texture\u2013Sensory Relations When Using Green, Bio-Derived Emollients in Cosmetic Emulsions","volume":"43","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121370","article-title":"Relationship between sensorial and physical characteristics of topical creams: A comparative study on effects of excipients","volume":"613","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680266319052240819104310","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant and Protective Activities of Various Types of Extracts from Hyssopus officinalis L. and Grindelia robusta Nutt. Herb Grown in Poland","volume":"24","author":"Michalak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Top Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2020.05.005","article-title":"Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sweet paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) using response surface methodology","volume":"160","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, M., Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok, M., \u017barnowiec, P., Bocho-Janiszewska, A., Stryjecka, M., Kostrzewa, D., Dobros, N., and Paradowska, K. (2025). Evaluation of Achillea millefolium var. Paprika Extract with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Skin Protection Potential in Topical Application. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15094631"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.19070\/2326-3350-1400028","article-title":"Folin-Ciocalteau Reagent for Polyphenolic Assay","volume":"3","author":"Agbor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00423-5","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1134\/S106193481709009X","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the spectrophotometry based total phenolic acid estimation methods","volume":"72","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tlili, H., Hanen, N., Ben Arfa, A., Neffati, M., Boubakri, A., Buonocore, D., Dossena, M., Verri, M., and Doria, E. (2019). Biochemical profile and in vitro biological activities of extracts from seven folk medicinal plants growing wild in southern Tunisia. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/551515"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobros, N., Zawada, K., and Paradowska, K. (2022). Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula x intermedia Cultivars Extracted with Different Methods. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040711"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok, M., Ziemlewska, A., W\u00f3jciak, M., Sowa, I., W\u0105sik-Szczepanek, E., and Nizio\u0142-\u0141ukaszewska, Z. (2025). Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus cerasus Leaves. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30102085"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"6","article-title":"Comparative assessment of phenolic content, cellular antioxidant, antityrosinase and protective activities on skin cells of extracts from three sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars","volume":"33","author":"Michalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"CLSI (2012). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [9th ed.]. CLSI document M07-A9."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","article-title":"Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals","volume":"42","author":"Sarker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1B.1.1\u20131B.1.18","article-title":"Growing and analyzing static biofilms","volume":"22","author":"Merritt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107219","article-title":"Extracts of Achillea millefolium L. inhibited biofilms and biofilm-related virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria isolated from wounds","volume":"199","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-025-01659-1","article-title":"Lignin nanoparticles from softwood and hardwood as sustainable additives for broad-spectrum protection and enhanced sunscreen performance","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/17\/3505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:33:31Z","timestamp":1760034811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/17\/3505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30173505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30173505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]}}}