{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:04:11Z","timestamp":1787061851486,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Odorous emissions from hot-mix asphalt (HMA) plants are a growing environmental concern, particularly due to airborne aldehydes and ketones, which have low odor thresholds and a strong sensory impact. This study presents a field-ready analytical method for monitoring odor-active volatile compounds. The system uses dynamic solid-phase microextraction (SPME and SPME Arrow) with on-fiber derivatization via O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and is coupled to gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) for direct detection. A flow-cell sampling unit enables the real-time capture of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones under transient emission conditions. Calibration using permeation tubes demonstrated sensitivity (limits of detection (LODs) below 0.13 \u03bcg\/m3), recovery above 85% and consistent reproducibility. Compound identity was confirmed using retention indices and fragmentation patterns. Uncertainty assessment followed ISO GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement) standards, thereby validating the method\u2019s environmental applicability. Field deployment 200 m from an HMA facility identified measurable concentrations that aligned with CALPUFF model predictions. The method\u2019s dual-isomer resolution and 10 min runtime make it ideal for responding to time-sensitive odor complaints. Overall, this approach supports regulatory efforts by enabling high-throughput on-site chemical monitoring and improving source attribution in cases of odor nuisance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T16:18:15Z","timestamp":1756484295000},"page":"3545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rapid On-Field Monitoring for Odor-Active Homologous Aliphatic Aldehydes and Ketones from Hot-Mix Asphalt Emission via Dynamic-SPME Air Sampling with Online Gas Chromatographic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3078-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dugheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-1671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2412-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Rapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3804-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Fanfani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-6550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QuMAP-PIN Foundation\u2014Prato Campus of the University of Florence, 59100 Prato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Tuscany, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4199-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute on Atmospheric Pollution (CNR-IIA), 00010 Montelibretti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Cipriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE SpA\u2014Energy System Research, 20134 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Bartolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Di Giampaolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieczyslaw","family":"Sajewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40006 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Traversini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Occupational Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Occupational Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6124-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Baldassarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Occupational Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Special Procedures\u2014United Nations Human Rights Council (2025, July 23). Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/special-procedures\/sr-toxics-and-human-rights."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indenv.2024.100020","article-title":"The German approach to evaluate complaints about odor annoyance in indoor environments","volume":"1","author":"David","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indoor Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"261","article-title":"Environmental complaint insights through text mining based on the driver, pressure, state, impact, and response (DPSIR) framework: Evidence from an Italian environmental agency","volume":"4","author":"Manservisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dugheri, S., Cappelli, G., Fanfani, N., Squillaci, D., Rapi, I., Venturini, L., Vita, C., Gori, R., Sirini, P., and Cipriano, D. (2024). Vacuum-Assisted MonoTrapTM Extraction for Volatile Organic Com-pounds (VOCs) Profiling from Hot Mix Asphalt. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29204943"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dugheri, S., Cappelli, G., Gori, R., Zampolli, S., Fanfani, N., Guerriero, E., Squillaci, D., Rapi, I., Venturini, L., and Pittella, A. (2025). MEMS-Based Micropacked Thermal Desorption GC\/PID for In-Field Vola-tile Organic Compound Profiling from Hot Mix Asphalt. Separations, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations12050133"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.247","article-title":"Airborne emissions of asphalt\/wax blends for warm mix asphalt production","volume":"164","author":"Autelitano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.248","article-title":"Analytical assessment of asphalt odor patterns in hot mix asphalt production","volume":"172","author":"Autelitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108281","article-title":"Research on air pollutants and odor emissions from paving hot-mix asphalt with end-of-life tyre rubber","volume":"181","author":"Chlebnikovas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c04438","article-title":"Emission Characteristics, Environmental Impacts, and Health Risks of Vola-tile Organic Compounds from Asphalt Materials: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115824","article-title":"Bitumen fumes and PAHs in asphalt road paving: Emission charac-teristics, determinants of exposure and environmental impact","volume":"228","author":"Maitre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2025, May 21). International Labour Organization (ILO). Available online: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine (NIH) (2025, May 21). PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Royal Society of Chemistry (2025, May 21). ChemSpider. Available online: https:\/\/www.chemspider.com\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yoshio, Y., and Nagata, E. (2025, May 21). Measurement of Odor Threshold by Triangular Odor Bag Method. Available online: https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/en\/air\/odor\/measure\/02_3_2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.3390\/s110505290","article-title":"Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Brattoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guichard, E., Salles, C., Morzel, M., and Le Bon, A. (2016). Characterization of Aroma Compounds: Structure, Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties. Flavour, Wiley. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118929384"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Codice Penale (2025, May 21). Art. 674. Available online: https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/serie_generale\/caricaArticolo?art.versione=1&art.idGruppo=74&art.flagTipoArtico-lo=1&art.codiceRedazionale=030U1398&art.idArticolo=674&art.idSottoArticolo=1&art.idSottoArticolo1=10&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1930-10-26&art.progressivo=0."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment and Energy Security (2025, May 21). Directorial Decree n. 309-MinAmbiente. Available online: https:\/\/www.reteambiente.it\/normativa\/51893\/decreto-direttoriale-minambiente-28-giugno-2023-n-309\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2003). Air Quality\u2014Determination of Odor Concentration by Dy-Namic Olfactometry (Standard No. EN 13725:2003). Available online: https:\/\/store.uni.com\/en-13725-2003."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.06.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the chemical composition and correlation between the calculated and measured odor concentration of odorous gases from a landfill in Beijing, China","volume":"164","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.02.017","article-title":"A comparative analysis of malodor samples between direct (olfactometry) and indirect (in-strumental) methods","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-008-9039-y","article-title":"Evaluation of Fruit Aroma Quality: Comparison Between Gas Chromatography\u2013Olfactometry (GC\u2013O) and Odour Activity Value (OAV) Aroma Patterns of Strawberries","volume":"1","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740170311","article-title":"Odour intensities of hop oil components","volume":"17","author":"Guadagni","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Teranishi, R. (1971). Flavor Research: Principles and Techniques, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00114a002","article-title":"Prediction of flavor differences between beers from their chemical composition","volume":"30","author":"Meilgaard","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01883343","article-title":"The odor of white bread: IV. Quantitative determination of constituents in the vapour and their odor values","volume":"151","author":"Mulders","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forch."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.06.009","article-title":"A comparative and critical evaluation of odor assessment methods on a landfill site","volume":"42","author":"Capelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"139","article-title":"Measurement, prediction, and monitoring of odors in the environment: A critical review","volume":"30","author":"Laor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.12.030","article-title":"Odor concentration (OC) prediction based on odor activity values (OAVs) during composting of solid wastes and digestates","volume":"201","author":"Couvert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.11.080","article-title":"Emission analysis of recycled tire rubber modified asphalt in hot and warm mix conditions","volume":"365","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza, J., Medina, C., Calabi-Floody, A., S\u00e1nchez-Alonso, E., Vald\u00e9s, G., and Quiroz, A. (2020). Evaluation of Reductions in Fume Emissions (VOCs and SVOCs) from Warm Mix Asphalt Incorporating Natural Zeolite and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Sustainable Pavements. Sustain. J., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229546"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"On-site determinations, a \u201cGreen\u201d and more efficient approach to analytical measurement","volume":"85","author":"Pawliszyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660 A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac012642q","article-title":"Great Ideas of a Decade","volume":"73","author":"Handley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1556\/AChrom.21.2009.3.3","article-title":"Analysis of 2-Chloroacetophenone in air by multi-fiber sol-id-phase microextraction and fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"Pacenti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrington, J.S., G\u00f3mez-R\u00edos, G.A., Myers, C., Stidsen, G., and Bell, D.S. (2020). Hunting Molecules in Complex Matrices with SPME Arrows: A Review. Separations, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations7010012"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1721727X0900700104","article-title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Exhaust Particulates from Gasoline and Diesel Engines by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Sampling and Combined Raman Microspectro-scopic\/Fast Gas-Chromotography Mass Spectrometry Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Pacenti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/972926","article-title":"New Automated and High-Throughput Quantitative Analysis of Urinary Ketones by Multifiber Exchange-Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Fast Gas Chromatography\/Negative Chemical-Electron Ionization\/Mass Spectrometry","volume":"2010","author":"Pacenti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"527","article-title":"Assessment of occupational exposure to gaseous peracetic acid","volume":"31","author":"Dugheri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00152-8","article-title":"Time-weighted average sampling of airborne n-valeraldehyde by a solid-phase microex-tration device","volume":"954","author":"Tsai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatog. A."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00199-1","article-title":"Gas chromatographic determination of glutaraldehyde in the workplace atmosphere after derivatization with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine on a solid-phase microextraction fibre","volume":"955","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatog. A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9711394","article-title":"Sampling and Determination of Formaldehyde Using Solid-Phase Microextraction with On-Fiber Derivatization","volume":"70","author":"Martos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.025","article-title":"Determination of carbonyl compounds in fish species samples with sol-id-phase microextraction with on-fibre derivatization","volume":"123","author":"Iglesias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2025, April 08). Odor Explore: A Participatory Science Project Using a Mobile App and New Measurement Approaches, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-research\/odor-explore-participatory-science-project-using-mobile-app-and-new-measurement."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bax, C., Sironi, S., and Capelli, L. (2020). Definition and Application of a Protocol for Electronic Nose Field Performance Testing: Example of Odor Monitoring from a Tire Storage Area. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040426"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wysocka, I., and D\u0119bowski, M. (2025). Advantages and Limitations of Measurement Methods for Assessing Odour Nuisance in Air\u2014A Comparative Review. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15105622"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"86","article-title":"Analysis of Selected Carbonyl Compounds in Tobacco Samples by Using Pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine Derivatization and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Tabakforschung International\/Contributions to Tobacco Research","volume":"26","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contrib. Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7460-6","article-title":"Development of SPME on-fiber derivatization for the sampling of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air","volume":"406","author":"Bourdin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bax, C., Sironi, S., and Capelli, L. (2020). How Can Odors Be Measured? An Overview of Methods and Their Applications. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11010092"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Ellison, S.L.R., and Williams, A. (2012). Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. EURACHEM\/CITAC Guide CG 4 (QUAM:2012.P1), CITAC. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurachem.org\/images\/stories\/Guides\/pdf\/QUAM2012_P1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaka, G.J., Sheinin, D., Thomas, B., Gramer, L., Zhang, Z., Liu, B., Kim, H., and Mehra, A. (2020). A Hydrodynamical Atmosphere\/Ocean Coupled Modeling System for Multiple Tropical Cyclones. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11080869"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"13","article-title":"A new method to evaluate odor annoyance potential","volume":"40","author":"Chaignaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.07.029","article-title":"Measuring odours in the environment vs. dispersion modelling: A review","volume":"79","author":"Capelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105261","article-title":"Measurements techniques and models to assess odor annoyance: A review","volume":"134","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.033","article-title":"Assessment and regulation of odor impacts","volume":"43","author":"Nicell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"683","article-title":"Formaldehyde Analysis by Spme On-Fiber Derivatization: A Study of the Kinetic Models of Adsorption for Divinylbenzene","volume":"46","author":"Dugheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quim. Nova."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2022.462996","article-title":"Automated method for short-chain aldehydes emission measurement by dynamic solid-phase microextraction on-fiber derivatization GC-MSD coupled with a flow-cell","volume":"1671","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1039\/b508536e","article-title":"Thermogravimetric calibration of permeation tubes used for the preparation of gas standards for air pollution analysis","volume":"130","author":"Tumbiolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(04)00310-3","article-title":"Traceability of pollutant measurements for ambient air monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Desauziers","year":"2004","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00769-003-0626-8","article-title":"Basic calculations about the limit of detection and its optimal determination","volume":"8","author":"Huber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accred. Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19580410703","article-title":"Gas-chromatographische Charakterisierung organischer Verbindungen. Teil 1: Retentionsindices al-iphatischer Halogenide, Alkohole, Aldehyde und Ketone","volume":"41","year":"1958","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)80947-X","article-title":"A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas\u2014Liquid partition chromatography","volume":"11","author":"Kratz","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-015-0925-0","article-title":"Comparison of olfactometrically detected compounds and aroma properties of four different edible parts of Chinese mitten crab","volume":"81","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1250","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12511","article-title":"Characterization of Important Odorants in Steamed Male Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50042a043","article-title":"Retention indices for programmed-temperature capillary-column gas chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2000). Guida All\u2019espressione Dell\u2019incertezza di Misura (Standard No. UNI CEI ENV 13005:2000). Available online: https:\/\/store.uni.com\/uni-cei-env-13005-2000."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"70","article-title":"Sampling, Detection and Uncertainty in Environmental Analysis\u2014Challenges and Solutions. In: International Conference EcoBalt 2023","volume":"92","author":"Ellison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Environ"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/17\/3545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:35:36Z","timestamp":1760034936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/17\/3545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30173545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30173545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}