{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:19:52Z","timestamp":1780337992745,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand, Research and Researcher for Industries","award":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P06"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand, Research and Researcher for Industries","award":["No. N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. N42A671052"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P06"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["No. N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. N42A671052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is a major contributor to skin aging and related disorders. This study comparatively evaluated the bioefficacy of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaf extracts prepared using three extraction techniques: conventional extraction (CE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction, with 50% (v\/v) ethanol and water as green solvents. Among all tested conditions, the CE-derived extract (C-4), obtained with 50% (v\/v) ethanol for 120 min, exhibited the highest extraction yield (29.7%). It also showed the highest total phenolic (668.56 \u00b1 11.52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)\/g dry material (DM)) and flavonoid content (2629.92 \u00b1 112.61 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)\/100 g DM), and potent antioxidant activity against 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical (12,645.50 \u00b1 60.31 \u00b5mol Trolox equivalent (TE)\/g DM) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC: 7180.27 \u00b1 101.79 \u00b5M TE\/100 g DM). Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed a diverse phytochemical profile rich in polyphenols, including gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and epicatechin. Cellular assays in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HaCaT keratinocytes demonstrated that C-4 extract significantly enhanced cell viability and upregulated endogenous antioxidant genes (superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)), with effects comparable to established antioxidants such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ascorbic acid. These findings highlight the influence of extraction parameters on phytochemical yield and biological activity, supporting the potential application of CE-derived S. terebinthifolius extracts as effective, sustainable ingredients for cosmeceutical formulations targeting oxidative stress-mediated skin aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T14:16:55Z","timestamp":1756822615000},"page":"3589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Study on Antioxidant Potential of Schinus terebinthifolius Extracts Prepared by Conventional Extraction, Accelerated Solvent Extraction, and Pulsed Electric Field Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanakarn","family":"Chaithep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurak","family":"Muangsanguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Castagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Marti-Quijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korawan","family":"Sringarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiwat","family":"Arjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Rachtanapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warintorn","family":"Ruksiriwanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Physiology of the skin","volume":"40","author":"McKnight","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.01.001","article-title":"Oxidation Events and Skin Aging","volume":"21","author":"Kammeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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