{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:57:37Z","timestamp":1780052257137,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia","award":["INV3171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV3171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The low water solubility of sulfamethazine (SMT) limits its clinical efficacy, making it crucial to study techniques such as cosolvency to optimize pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to thermodynamically evaluate the solubility of SMT in {acetonitrile (MeCN) + ethanol (EtOH)} cosolvent mixtures over a temperature range of 278.15 to 318.15 K in order to understand the molecular interactions that govern this process. SMT solubility in the mixtures was measured using a flask-shaking method. The solid phases were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to rule out polymorphisms. Using the Gibbs\u2013van\u2019t Hoff\u2013Krug model, we calculated the apparent thermodynamic functions of the solution and mixture from the obtained data. The results showed that solubility increased almost linearly with MeCN fraction and temperature, indicating that MeCN is a more efficient solvent and that the process is endothermic. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that dissolution is an endothermic process with favorable entropy for all compositions. The higher solubility in MeCN is attributed to the lower energetic cost required to form the solute cavity compared to the high energy needed to disrupt the hydrogen bond network of ethanol. This behavior can be explained by an enthalpy\u2013entropy compensation phenomenon. This phenomenon provides an essential physicochemical basis for designing pharmaceutical processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:01:13Z","timestamp":1756818073000},"page":"3590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Solubility of Sulfamethazine in Acetonitrile\u2013Ethanol Cosolvent Mixtures: Thermodynamic Analysis and Mathematical Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-9114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Ivan","family":"Caviedes-Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ingenier\u00eda Agroalimentaria, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas UCC-Neiva, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Neiva, Calle 11 No. 1-51, Neiva 410001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Buend\u00eda-Atencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossember Ed\u00e9n","family":"Cardenas-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Energ\u00eda Materiales y Dise\u00f1o EnerDIMAT, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Am\u00e9rica, Av. Circunvalar No. 20-53, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7977-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Patricia","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Polit\u00e9cnico Grancolombiano, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4008-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleming","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones Farmac\u00e9utico-Fisicoqu\u00edmicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogot\u00e1, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogot\u00e1 110321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Ricardo","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas UCC-Neiva, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Neiva, Calle 11 No. 1-51, Neiva 410001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-021-00795-9","article-title":"Sulfonamide drugs: Structure, antibacterial property, toxicity, and biophysical interactions","volume":"13","author":"Ovung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biophys. 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