{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:45:42Z","timestamp":1767980742047,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","award":["CSCL04.10\/24-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSCL04.10\/24-25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated optimal supplemental multispectral light-emitting diode (LED) conditions for the growth and essential oil accumulation of Ocimum gratissimum L. (OG) cultivated in a net house over 15 weeks. We hypothesized that supplemental lighting could increase biomass while affecting oil yield or vice versa. Nine lighting treatments were established, combining red (R) and blue (B) with ultraviolet-A (UV-A), green (G), or far-red (Fr) lights, applied for 4, 6, or 8 h\/night at 80\u2013120 \u00b5mol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121. Essential oils were analyzed by GC\/MS-FID, revealing 21\u201328 compounds, dominated by phenylpropanoids (59.4\u201371.2%). Eugenol (58.5\u201369.8%), (Z)-\u03b2-ocimene (10.2\u201312.1%), and germacrene D (7.6\u201312.1%) were the major constituents. The oils showed weak antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. All lighting treatments significantly enhanced fresh biomass and oil yield (p &lt; 0.001) compared with the control. The optimal treatment (F2; R, B, and UV-A lights at a photon flux ratio of 71:20:9; 100 \u00b5mol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121, 6 h\/night) yielded the highest fresh biomass (13.07 \u00b1 0.71 Mg\/ha), essential oil (31.39 \u00b1 1.71 L\/ha), and eugenol (21.09 \u00b1 1.15 L\/ha). These findings demonstrate the strong influence of spectral composition and exposure duration on OG productivity and highlight the potential of tailored LED strategies to improve both biomass and oil quality in cultivation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30183753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T16:27:33Z","timestamp":1757953653000},"page":"3753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimization of Supplemental LED Spectral Quality and Light Dose for Enhancing Biomass and Essential Oil Yield of Ocimum gratissimum L. Under Net House Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Thi Thu","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Nghiem","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6687-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuy Thi Thu","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phat Tien","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Quoc","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quang Cong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5415-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quyen Thi","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Technology, VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10053, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh Quoc","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adaptive Lighting Systems and Visual Processing, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 4a, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William N.","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"},{"name":"Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-062923-023852","article-title":"Environmental control of hypocotyl elongation","volume":"75","author":"Krahmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. 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