{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:03:07Z","timestamp":1789624987614,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025AFD348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFD348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025AFB453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFB453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Theophylline represents a significant public health challenge due to its dual acute and chronic toxicity resulting from therapeutic, environmental, and dietary exposures. Effective monitoring across the bio-environmental\u2013food triad requires analytical methods that are highly sensitive, universally applicable, and capable of overcoming complex matrix interferences. This study introduces a flat membrane-based liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) technique combined with LC\u2013MS\/MS for the determination of theophylline in diverse matrices. The method eliminates the need for specialized adsorbents or equipment, offering a simple and cost-effective solution for high-throughput sample clean-up. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrated exceptional sensitivity (LOD: 0.2 ng mL\u22121) and a wide linear range (0.01\u201310 \u03bcg mL\u22121). It was successfully applied to plasma, urine, hospital sewage, and green tea, providing accurate (recoveries of 86.7\u2013111.3%) and reproducible (RSD &lt; 10%) results across all matrices. This unified and robust approach effectively addresses matrix interferences and provides a reliable tool for the monitoring and risk assessment of theophylline across multiple domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30183797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T14:45:46Z","timestamp":1758206746000},"page":"3797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determination of Theophylline Across Biological, Environmental and Food Matrices Using Liquid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with LC-MS\/MS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1137-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinsheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Center for Drug Inspection of Fujian Medical Products Administration, Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunqing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2731-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Monitoring for Health Commission of Hubei Province, Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang 438000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198101083040202","article-title":"The value of maintenance theophylline in steroid-dependent asthma","volume":"304","author":"Nassif","year":"1981","journal-title":"N. 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