{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:11:09Z","timestamp":1790136669205,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["DWD\/5\/0071\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DWD\/5\/0071\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench root is a rich source of alkamides and other bioactive compounds with potential health-promoting effects. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of drying technique and carrier type on alkamide content, antioxidant properties, and process contaminants in E. purpurea powders. Root extracts were subjected to freeze-drying or spray drying at air inlet temperatures of 150, 170, and 190 \u00b0C, with maltodextrin, pea protein isolate, or their blend used as carrier agents. The resulting powders were analyzed for physical and chemical properties, including alkamides concentration, total phenolics content, antioxidant capacity, free amino group levels, and markers of advanced Maillard reaction products. Spray-dried powders had a moisture content lower than 2.3%, compared with an average of 7.7% in freeze-dried samples. Spray drying at 150 and 170 \u00b0C combined with the maltodextrin\u2013pea protein blend resulted in the highest alkamide levels, while total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity were retained at levels comparable to freeze-drying. Neither hydroxymethyl-L-furfural nor furfural was detected via HPLC in any sample. Overall, spray drying under the tested conditions represents a favorable alternative to freeze drying, yielding E. purpurea root extracts powders with higher alkamides content, similar antioxidant properties, and absence of process contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:43:12Z","timestamp":1758706992000},"page":"3864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of Freeze- and Spray Drying with Carrier Agents on Alkamides, Antioxidant Properties, and Process Contaminants in Echinacea purpurea Root Extract Powders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Ku\u0142aga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorium Analiz Chemicznych Spark-Lab Sp. z o.o., Al. Zwyci\u0119stwa 96\/98, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37 Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1186-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Masztalerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37A Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5127-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Brzezowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37 Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8212-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Michalska-Ciechanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 37 Str., 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.156353","article-title":"Echinacea Purpurea: Pharmacology, PhytoChemistry and Analysis Methods","volume":"9","author":"Manayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. 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