{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T18:27:46Z","timestamp":1773167266989,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM PAPIIT","award":["IN208125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN208125"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities, wound-healing efficacy, and chemical characteristics of hexanic, chloroformic, and methanolic extracts of propolis from Michoacan, Mexico. Antibacterial activity was determined using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antifungal activity was determined using yeast and filamentous fungi and wound-healing efficacy was determined using the tensiometric and histological methods in mouse skin. Antioxidant capacity, phenols, and total flavonoids were quantified. Propolis was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD), high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS), and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The methanolic extract showed the best antibacterial activity, and the most sensitive bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus. For antifungal activity, yeasts and filamentous fungi showed sensitivity to the methanolic extract, with Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes being the strains with the highest sensitivity to the extract. Regarding wound-healing efficacy, when using the tensiometric method, the methanolic extract presented the highest efficacy, surpassing the positive control (Recoveron). In the histological evaluation, the methanolic extract provided more resistance to the wound and demonstrated an antioxidant capacity of 12.23 \u00b5g\/mL, a total phenolic content of 580 mg GAE\/g, and a total flavonoid content of 12.35 mg QE\/g. In the chemical analysis, flavanols, flavones, and flavanones were identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:48:05Z","timestamp":1758808085000},"page":"3880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Wound-Healing Activities and Chemical Characterization of Propolis from Apis mellifera in Michoacan, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2376-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bertha","family":"Hernandez-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, UBIPRO Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-992X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Rodriguez-Canales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, UBIPRO Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Productos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3784-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Dominguez-Verano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Productos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9013-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uriel","family":"Nava-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, UBIPRO Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Aurelio","family":"Rodriguez-Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Productos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Margarita","family":"Canales-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, UBIPRO Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Edomex, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman-Gutierrez, S., Nieto, A., Castillo, J., Huerta, E., Hernandez-Pasteur, G., Silva, M., Arg\u00fcello-Najera, O., Sepulveda, O., Espitia, C., and Reyes-Chilpa, R. (2018). Mexican propolis: A source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, and isolation of a novel chalcone and epsilon-caprolactone derivative. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020334"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07648-0","article-title":"The multifaceted therapeutic potential of propolis: An integrative report on its pharmacological properties and emerging advances","volume":"7","author":"Ballouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2017.04.005","article-title":"Biological properties of propolis extracts: Something new from an ancient product","volume":"207","author":"Zabaiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulhendri, F., Chandrasekaran, K., Kowacz, M., Ravalia, M., Kripal, K., Fearnley, J., and Perera, C. (2021). Antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic properties of propolis: A review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061360"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galeotti, F., Maccari, F., Fachini, A., and Volpi, N. (2018). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Prepared in Different Forms and in Different Solvents Useful for Finished Products. Foods, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7030041"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"74","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n fisicoqu\u00edmica de prop\u00f3leos colectados en el Bosque La Primavera Zapopan, Jalisco","volume":"6","author":"Delgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Cien. For."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.06.026","article-title":"Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl- 1 -picrylhydrazyl method","volume":"112","author":"Scherer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dezmirean, D., Pa\u015fca, C., Moise, A., and Bobi\u015f, O. (2020). Plant sources responsible for the chemical composition and main bioactive properties of poplar-type proplis. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010022"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964149","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/964149","article-title":"Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times","volume":"2013","author":"Kuropatnicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2017). Prop\u00f3leos, Producci\u00f3n y Especificaciones Para su Procesamiento (Standard No. NOM-003-SAG\/GAN-2017). Primera Secci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Composicion qu\u00edmica, propiedades antioxidantes y actividad antimicrobiana de propoleos mexicanos","volume":"30","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltsas, A. (2023). Oxidative stress and male infertility: The protective role of antioxidants. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101769"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, D., Wang, D., Cao, F., Xiang, H., Mu, D., Cao, J., Li, B., Zhong, L., Dong, X., and Zhong, X. (2017). Kaempferol inhibits the primary attachment phase of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02263"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300571","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202300571","article-title":"Matrix effects demystified: Strategies for resolving challenges in analytical separations of complex samples","volume":"46","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"4724920","article-title":"The Nrf2\/HO-1 axis as targets for flavanones: Neuroprotection by pinocembrin, naringenin, and eriodictyol","volume":"13","author":"Habtemariam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozyra, M., Biernasiuk, A., Wiktor, M., Kukula-Koch, W., and Malm, A. (2023). Comparative HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF\/MS\/MS analysis of bioactive phenolic compounds content in the methanolic extracts from flowering herbs of Monarda species and their free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030964"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"263","article-title":"Metodologias para evaluar in vitro la actividad antibacteriana de compuestos de origen vegetal","volume":"42","author":"Ramirez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250027","article-title":"Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: A review","volume":"76","author":"Kuete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15628","article-title":"Potential of Propolis antifungal activity for clinical applications","volume":"133","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granados, J., and Perez, R. (2020). Advances in chemical composition and biological activity of Mexican propolis. JPCR, 2.","DOI":"10.32474\/LOJPCR.2020.02.000137"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5605","article-title":"Biological properties and therapeutic applications of propolis","volume":"30","author":"Sforcin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00375-3","article-title":"A review on dynamic pharmacological potency and multifaceted biological activities of propolis","volume":"5","author":"Bhatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Cao, M., Shang, Z., Xu, X., Chen, X., Zhu, Z., Wang, W., Wei, X., Zhou, X., and Bai, Y. (2025). Research progress on the antibacterial activity of natural flavonoids. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040334"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9623","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089623","article-title":"Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates to propolis extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs","volume":"18","author":"Wojtyczka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, A., Malik, A., and Chander, R. (2025). Anti-bacterial properties of propolis: A comprehensive review. Curr. Microbiol., 82.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04456-y"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klancnik, A., Simunovic, K., Kovac, J., Sahin, O., Wu, Z., Vuckovic, D., Abram, M., Zhang, Q., and Smole, S. (2019). The Anti-Campylobacter activity and mechanisms of pinocembrin action. Microorganism, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120675"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00077","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of a new class of phosphorylated and modified flavonoids","volume":"4","author":"Osonga","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12221","article-title":"Subinhibitory concentrations of pinocembrin exert anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity by reducing \u03b1-toxin expression","volume":"115","author":"Soromou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.111867","article-title":"The new buzz: Investigating the antimicrobial interactions between bioactive compounds found in South African propolis","volume":"238","author":"Kharsany","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasul, A., Martin, F., Ali, W., Ali, M., Li, J., and Li, X. (2013). Pinocembrin: A novel natural compound with versatile pharmacological and biological activities. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/379850"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"535","article-title":"The chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of propolis: A review article","volume":"3","author":"Sami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gucwa, K., Kusznierewicz, B., Milewski, S., Van Dijck, P., and Szweda, P. (2018). Antifungal activity and synergism with azoles of Polish propolis. Pathogens, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0122.v1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M., Medina, Y., Rodriguez, M., Nava, U., Bola\u00f1os, S., Mendoza, M., Campos, J., Hernandez, A., Chirino, Y., and Cruz, T. (2023). Activity of Propolis from Mexico on the proliferation and virulence factors of Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03064-9"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iadnut, A., Mamoon, K., Thammasit, P., Pawichai, S., Tima, S., Preechasuth, K., Kaewkod, T., Tragoolpua, Y., and Tragoolpua, K. (2019). In vitro antifungal and antivirulence activities of biologically synthesized ethanolic extract of propolis-loaded PLGA nanoparticles against Candida albicans. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 3715481.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3715481"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.01.003","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal potential of Brazilian propolis against Candida spp.","volume":"26","author":"Freires","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Calderon, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, L., Gomez-Navia, C., Blanco-Blanco, M., S\u00e1nchez-Silos, R., Lucio, L., and P\u00e9rez-Giraldo, C. (2021). Antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of a new Spanish extract of propolis against Candida glabrata. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03323-0"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.47895\/amp.v54i1.1084","article-title":"Honey and propolis have antifungal property against select dermatophytes and candida albicans","volume":"54","author":"Batac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Medica Philipp."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03175555","article-title":"Comparative study of in vitro methods used to analyse the antifungal activity of propolis against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes","volume":"58","author":"Silici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2642","article-title":"Antifungal effect of the extract of propolis on the growth of three species of Epidermophyton flucosum, Trichophyton violaseum and Trichophyton tonsorans in laboratory environment","volume":"5","author":"Gavanji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Florez, J., Armijo, J., and Mediavilla, A. (2008). Farmacologia Humana, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamun, A., Shao, C., Geng, P., Wang, S., and Xiao, J. (2024). Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395479"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbatreek, M., Mahdi, I., Ouchari, W., Mahmoud, M., and Sobeh, M. (2023). Current advances on the therapeutic potential of pinocembrin: An updated review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114032"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111708","article-title":"Acacetin, a flavone with diverse therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation, infections and other metabolic disorders","volume":"145","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3186","article-title":"Determination of pinocembrin in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and LC\/MS\/MS: Application to pharmacokinetic studies","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khayri, J., Ravikumar, G., Nagella, P., Joseph, B., Alessa, F., and Al-Mssallem, M. (2022). Flavonoids as potential anti-inflammatory molecules: A review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092901"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Lin, X., Yang, X., Ding, Y., Wang, J., Liu, C., and Yu, W. (2024). Kaempferol attenuates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced gallbladder epithelial cells by inhibiting the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 103.","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14519"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, M., Deng, Z., Rong, X., Li, R., You, Z., Guo, X., Cai, C., Zhao, Y., Gao, P., and Cao, G. (2023). Naringenin prevents oxidative stress and inflammation in LPS- induced liver injury through the regulation of lncRNA-mRNA in male mice. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010198"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byun, E., Song, H., Kim, W., Han, J., Seo, H., Park, W., Kim, K., and Byun, E. (2021). Chrysin derivative CM1 and exhibited anti-inflammatory action by upregulating toll-interacting protein expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061532"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, M., Torres, M., Bachar, E., and Wilkstrom, J. (2024). Cellular and molecular roles of reactive oxygen species in wound healing. Commun. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07219-w"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125124","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids","volume":"299","author":"Maleki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Rosa, C., Bueno, I., Martins, A., and Longato, G. (2022). Healing potential of propolis in skin wound evidenced by clinical studies. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091143"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1159\/000430221","article-title":"Topical application of propolis enhances cutaneous wound healing by promoting TGF-Beta\/smad-mediated collagen production in a streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic mouse model","volume":"37","author":"Hozzein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e4807","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s oxidativo en el envejecimiento y las enfermedades cr\u00f3nicas no transmitibles","volume":"103","author":"Moscoso","year":"2024","journal-title":"RIC"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"243","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de diferentes extractos de propoleos","volume":"53","author":"Guanche","year":"2022","journal-title":"CENIC"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"199","article-title":"Compuestos fen\u00f3licos, capacidad antioxidante y actividad antihipertensiva de membrillo (Cydonia oblonga Miller) cultivado en Zacatecas","volume":"57","author":"Aguayo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polibot\u00e1nica"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9125-2","article-title":"The natural flavonoid pinocembrin: Molecular targets and potential therapeutic applications","volume":"53","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"40","article-title":"Beneficial effects of pinocembrin and quercetin on the general conditions, immune parameters and gut lactobacilli in broiler chikens","volume":"71","author":"Bastamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"VMJ-G"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.02.006","article-title":"Reactive oxygen comes of age: Mechanism-based therapy of diabetic end-organ damage","volume":"30","author":"Elbatreek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014753","article-title":"Transcription factor NRF2 as a therapeutic target for chronic diseases: A systems medicine approach","volume":"70","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00fcntar, I., Cetinkaya, S., Panieri, E., Saha, S., Buttari, B., Profumo, E., and Saso, L. (2021). Regulatory role of Nrf2 signaling pathway in wound healing process. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092424"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00363-7","article-title":"Pinocembrin ameliorates post-infarct heart failure through activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.8662","article-title":"Antifibrotic mechanism of pinocembrin: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation and TGF-\u03b2 \/smad inhibition in rats","volume":"17","author":"Said","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2025, August 27). Available online: http:\/\/ixmati.conabio.gob.mx\/conocimiento\/regionalizacion\/doctos\/rhp_060.html."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"CLSI (2012). Performance Standards for Microbial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Tech. Rep. M100-S22."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"CLSI (2018). Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M44."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"CLSI (2017). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M27."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savickiene, N., and Raudone, L. (2024). Trends in plants phytochemistry and bioactivity analysis. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13223173"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"ASTM (2016). Standard Guide for Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Using a Time-Kill Procedure, American Society for Testing and Materials."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, Y., Rodriguez, M., Rodriguez, M., Hernandez, A., Delgado, N., Chirino, Y., Cruz, T., Garcia, C., and Canales, M. (2022). Effect of the essential oils of Bursera morelensis and Lippia graveolens and five pure compounds of the mycelium, spore production, and germination of species of Fusarium. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060617"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(1999). Especificaciones T\u00e9cnicas Para la Producci\u00f3n, Cuidado y Uso de Los Animales de Laboratorio (Standard No. NOM-062-ZOO-1999)."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918090","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4918090","article-title":"Comparison of biological properties of two medicinal extracts of the Tehuacan-Cucatlan Valley","volume":"2018","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.04.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, wound-healing effectiveness and chemical characterization of the latex of Jatropha neopauciflora Pax","volume":"204","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, N., Santiago, A., and Alias, J. (2020). Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010076"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nava, U., Rodriguez, M., Hernandez, A., Velasco, D., Moreno, B., Rodriguez, M., and Canales, M. (2022). Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic leaf extracto f Prosopis laevigata. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25271-6"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"70","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Morinda citrifolia fruit extracts from various extraction processes","volume":"2","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"JESTEC"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/19\/3880\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:49:46Z","timestamp":1760035786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/19\/3880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30193880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30193880","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}}}