{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T13:40:14Z","timestamp":1759153214391,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Poland","award":["DK-4100-45\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK-4100-45\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Permian Kupferschiefer shale, a key stratigraphic unit within the Zechstein sequence of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, represents both a metal-rich lithofacies and a potential source rock for hydrocarbon generation. This study presents a comprehensive geochemical characterization of selected Kupferschiefer samples obtained from the Legnica\u2013G\u0142og\u00f3w Copper District (LGOM) and exploratory boreholes. Analytical methods included Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Py-GC\/FID, elemental analysis, TG-FTIR, biomarker profiling, and stable carbon isotope measurements. Results indicate that the shales contain significant amounts of Type II and mixed Type II\/III kerogen, derived primarily from marine organic matter with minor terrestrial input. The organic matter maturity, expressed by Tmax, places most samples within the oil window. Rock-Eval S2 values exceed 60 mg HC\/g rock in some samples, confirming excellent generative potential. Py-GC\/FID data further support high hydrocarbon yields, particularly in samples from the CG-4 borehole and LGOM mines. The thermal decomposition of kerogen reveals multiple degradation phases, with evolved gas analysis identifying sulfur-containing compounds and hydrocarbons indicative of sapropelic origin. Isotopic compositions of bitumen and kerogen suggest syngenetic relationships and marine depositional settings, with samples from a North Poland borehole showing isotopic enrichment consistent with post-depositional oxidation. Kinetic parameters calculated using the Kissinger\u2013Akahira\u2013Sunose method demonstrate variable activation energies (107\u2013341 kJ\/mol), correlating with differences in organic matter composition and mineral matrix. The observed variability in geochemical properties highlights both regional and facies-dependent influences on the shale\u2019s generative capacity. The study concludes that the Kupferschiefer in southwestern and northern Poland exhibits substantial hydrocarbon generation potential. This potential has been previously underestimated due to the unit\u2019s thinness, but localized zones with high TOC, favorable kerogen type, and low activation energy could be viable exploration targets for natural gas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1758866572000},"page":"3886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geochemical Characterization of Kupferschiefer in Terms of Hydrocarbon Generation Potential and Hydrogen Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3696-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Matyasik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, 25A Lubicz Str., 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1507-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, 25A Lubicz Str., 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3365-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Labus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Geology, Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9657-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wci\u015blak-Oleszycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oil and Gas Institute\u2014National Research Institute, 25A Lubicz Str., 31-503 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Sole potasowe na p\u00f3\u0142noc od Wroc\u0142awia","volume":"7","author":"Zwierzycki","year":"1951","journal-title":"Pr. 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