{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:10:39Z","timestamp":1791317439188,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey is a valuable natural product prized for its nutritional and therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, in addition to health-promoting compounds, honey may also contain plant-derived toxins, contaminants, and degradation products. Certain phytotoxins\u2014such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, grayanotoxins, triptolide, celastrol, gelsedine-type alkaloids, and tutin\u2014can be transferred to honey from specific plant sources and pose health risks, particularly at high doses or with long-term exposure. Furthermore, compounds like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, trace metals, pesticide residues, and Clostridium botulinum spores may present additional risks, especially to sensitive groups such as infants. Consumers often assume that natural products are inherently safe, which may lead to unintentional exposure to harmful substances. Adverse effects can range from chronic toxicity to, in extreme cases, death. Therefore, raising awareness among consumers and vendors is essential to reduce the intake of honey from unverified sources. Continuous monitoring of honey composition and further studies on the toxicodynamics of rare contaminants are crucial to ensuring safety while preserving the therapeutic benefits of this remarkable natural substance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:21:51Z","timestamp":1759220511000},"page":"3925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Liquid Gold with a Dark Side\u2014A Toxicological Overview of Bioactive Components in Honey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1522-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Kulawik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70 St., 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4063-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kulawik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70 St., 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5116-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cianciosi, D., Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez, T.Y., Afrin, S., Gasparrini, M., Reboredo-Rodriguez, P., Manna, P.P., Zhang, J., Lamas, L.B., Fl\u00f3rez, S.M., and Toyos, P.A. 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