{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:16:18Z","timestamp":1781885778430,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The following study presents the initial evaluation (solubility, thermal stability, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity) of a series of previously described organic salts, derived from the bis(4-aminopyridinium) cation with different chain lengths, for their potential use as hospital disinfectants. Of the salts studied, those with chain lengths between 2 and 10 carbon atoms (C2\u2013C10) showed high solubility in water, methanol, and DMSO. All salts exhibited high thermal stability, showing a thermal decomposition temperature (T5%) above 330 \u00b0C. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the studied E. coli, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium strains confirmed their resistance to different classes of commonly used clinical antibiotics, validating their selection. During the determination of antibacterial activity, the long-chain salts (C10 and C12) showed the greatest activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from 31.2 \u03bcg\/mL to 62.5 \u03bcg\/mL in all the strains studied. Given the high activity of C10 and C12, their cytotoxicity was assessed in HeLa cells. They exhibited no cytotoxic effects after 12 h and only about 5% cytotoxicity after 24 h. Furthermore, the cell viability assay of the most active and water-soluble salt, C10, showed that this salt can interact with the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, increasing its permeability in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, these results cannot rule out the possibility that this salt may have more than one site of action within the bacterial cell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30193962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"3962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of Bis(4-aminopyridinium) Compounds for Their Potential Use as Disinfectants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7799-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Arriaza-Echanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Nanotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6326-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio A.","family":"Terraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Organic Polymers (RLOP), Department of Organic Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateus","family":"Frazao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Gen\u00f3mica y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Reyes-Cerpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Gen\u00f3mica y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Sanhueza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Qu\u00edmica y Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Nanotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Medio Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report, World Health Organization. Antibiotic Use Data for 2022."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Meza, C.S., Castro-Vargas, Y., Chihuantito-Abal, L.A., Gallegos, A.E., Caballero, A.S., Frisancho-Camero, M., and Del Castillo, E.G. (2025). Adaptation and validation of the scale for the prevention and control of healthcare\u2014Associated infections among nursing students: An exploratory factor analysis approach. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1537811"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Global Report on Infection Prevention and Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet, 404, 1199."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Tipper, H.J., Maillard, J.-Y., Stanton, I.C., Murray, A.K., Gaze, W.H., Read, D.S., and Singer, A.C. (2024). Potential Impact of Disinfectants on Antimicrobial Resistance Development, Environment Agency."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A concise update","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rutala, W.A., Weber, D.J., and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) (2025, September 15). Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection-control\/hcp\/disinfection-and-sterilization\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, G., and Kaur, K. (2024). Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants: Current Practices and Future Perspective in Infection Control: Review Article. Biomed. Pharmacol. J., 17.","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2895"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Alfaro, E. (2015). Consideraciones Importantes en el Uso de Desinfectantes, Departamento de Salud Ocupacional, Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica de Chile. Available online: https:\/\/www.ispch.cl\/sites\/default\/files\/Nota_Tecnica_N_025_Consideraciones_Importantes_en_el_Uso_de_Desinfectantes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vereshchagin, A.N., Frolov, N.A., Egorova, K.S., Seitkalieva, M.M., and Ananikov, V.P. (2021). Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and ionic liquids (ILs) as biocides: From simple antiseptics to tunable antimicrobials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136793"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178020","article-title":"Challenges of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents: Mechanisms, resistance, persistence and impacts on the microecology","volume":"958","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357056226","article-title":"Hydrolysis kinetics and QSAR investigate on of soft antimicrobial agents","volume":"57","author":"Loftsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-022-02924-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts: Structure-activity relationship","volume":"31","author":"Nadagouda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114765","article-title":"Antibacterial quaternary ammonium agents: Chemical diversity and biological mechanism","volume":"243","author":"Dan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Xing, Y., Ye, P., Yu, H., Meng, X., Song, Y., Wang, G., and Diao, Y. (2023). The antibacterial activity and mechanism of imidazole chloride ionic liquids on Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1109972"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Tian, R., and Liu, K. (2023). Recent advances in the application of ionic liquids in antimicrobial material for air disinfection and sterilization. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1186117"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Ionic Liquids and Its Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"10","author":"Lathikumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Med. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.09.074","article-title":"Interaction of quaternary ammonium ionic liquids with bacterial membranes\u2014Studies with Escherichia coli R1\u2013R4-type lipopolysaccharides","volume":"246","author":"Borkowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n, L., Parra-Cid, C., Guerrero-Mu\u00f1oz, E., Pe\u00f1a-Varas, C., Polo-Cuadrado, E., Duarte, Y., Castra, R.I., Nerio, L.S., Araya-Maturana, R., and Asefa, T. (2021). Antimicrobial properties of novel ionic liquids derived from imidazolium cation with phenolic functional groups. Bioorg. Chem., 115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105289"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.127454","article-title":"Emerging applicative areas of ionic liquids in biomedical sciences: Unveiling new biological insights","volume":"427","author":"Gowda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpt\u00fcz\u00fcn, V., Parlar, S., Ta\u015fl\u0131, H., and Erciyas, E. (2009). Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Pyridinium Salts. Molecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14125203"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.124382","article-title":"Synthesis, self-aggregation, thermal stability and cytotoxicity trends of alkyloxypropoxycyclohexane based pyridinium ionic liquids","volume":"399","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govindaraj, S., Ganesan, K., Elumalai, P., Jeevitha, R., Sindya, J., Annadurai, S., Ahmed, S.S.S.J., and Shahid, M. (2025). Solid-phase synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel pyridinium bromides. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92672-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104148","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104148","article-title":"Antimicrobial Ionic Liquid-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"31","author":"Nikfarjam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M.M., Carvalho, E.O., Correia, D.M., Esperanc\u0327a, J.M.S.S., Padr\u00e3o, J., Ivanova, K., Hoyo, J., Tzanov, T., and Lanceros-Mendez, S. (2022). Ionic Liquids as Biocompatible Antibacterial Agents: A Case Study on Structure-Related Bioactivity on Escherichia coli. ACS Appl. Bio Mater., 5.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00615"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.I., Shams, A.B., Gupta, S.D., Blanchard, G.J., Mobasheri, A., and Apu, E.H. (2023). The Potential Role of Ionic Liquid as a Multifunctional Dental Biomaterial. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11113093"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amata, S., Cal\u00e0, C., Rizzo, C., Pibiri, I., Pizzo, M., Buscemi, S., and Palumbo, P.A. (2024). Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Mono- and Bi-Cationic Pyridinium 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles and Triazoles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010377"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabrizi, I., Di Muzio, S., Ramondo, F., Trequattrini, F., Palumbo, O., and Paolone, A. (2025). Vapor Pressure of Ionic Liquids with a Common Tetrabutylammonium Cation and Three Different Anions. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15116040"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravula, S., Larm, N.E., Mottaleb, M.A., Heitz, M.P., and Baker, G.A. (2019). Vapor Pressure Mapping of Ionic Liquids and Low-Volatility Fluids Using Graded Isothermal Thermogravimetric Analysis. ChemEngineering, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering3020042"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9514","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10596","article-title":"Effect of the Dodecanoate Anion on Thermal Stability and Decomposition Mechanism of Mono- and Dicationic Ionic Liquids","volume":"10","author":"Vieira","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuo, Y., Cheng, H.L., Zhao, Y.G., and Cui, H.R. (2024). Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: A Review. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010151"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42625","article-title":"Structural insights into pyridinium-based dicationic surfactants at harsh conditions: Influence of spacer groups on thermal stability and surface properties","volume":"11","author":"Israr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171238","article-title":"Techniques for recovery and recycling of ionic liquids: A review","volume":"922","author":"Khoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.01.066","article-title":"Imidazolium-based ionic liquids as corrosion inhibitors for stainless steel in different corrosive media: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-023-00782-5","article-title":"Advancement of Plant Extract\/Ionic Liquid-Based Green Corrosion Inhibitor","volume":"7","author":"Zunita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Afr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2356","article-title":"Drug Solubility: Importance and Enhancement Techniques","volume":"2012","author":"Savjani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.971027","article-title":"Solubility and dissolution enhancement strategies: Current understanding and recent trends","volume":"41","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00562","article-title":"Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine","volume":"117","author":"Egorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Zhou, L., Zhou, J., Wu, Z., Xue, W., Song, B., and Yang, S. (2016). Synthesis and antibacterial activity of pyridinium-tailored 2,5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether\/sulfoxide\/sulfone derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.01.029"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, T., Wang, R., Yang, T., Liu, Q., and Song, B. (2024). Design, synthesis and bactericidal activity of novel coumarin derivatives containing pyridinium salts. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.105967"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1139\/v92-156","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of the formation of N-vinyl pyridinium cations in elimination reactions in aqueous base","volume":"70","author":"Bunting","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o1350","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600536806007975","article-title":"1,1\u2032-Ethylenebis(4-aminopyridinium) dibromide","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Cryst. Sect. E"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-018-3489-7","article-title":"\u201cSeems Bad Turns Good\u201d\u2014Traces of precursor in dicationic ionic liquid lead to analytical application","volume":"44","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.1981.021821013","article-title":"Preparation of poly-cations by polymerizing biscations and the conductivity of their TCNQ salts","volume":"182","author":"Watanabe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Die Makromol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01066a030","article-title":"Application of Sodium Borohydride Reduction to Synthesis of Substituted Aminopiperidines, Aminopiperazines, Aminopyridines, and Hydrazines","volume":"26","author":"Walker","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, C.K.L., Singhal, V., Widmer, F., Wright, L.C., Sorrell, T.C., and Jolliffe, K.A. (2007). Synthesis, antifungal and haemolytic activity of a series of bis(pyridinium)alkanes. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2007.03.018"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeywickrama, C., Rotenberg, S.A., and Baker, A.D. (2006). Inhibition of protein kinase C by dequalinium analogues: Structure\u2013activity studies on head group variations. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.07.067"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2165\/11317030-000000000-00000","article-title":"Efflux-Mediated Drug Resistance in Bacteria: An Update","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, J., and Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, L. (2009). Mecanismos de acci\u00f3n de los antimicrobianos. Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00ednica, 27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2008.11.001"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.020","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects","volume":"14","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasrollahian, S.G., and Halaji, M. (2024). A review of the mechanisms that confer antibiotic resistance in pathotypes of E. coli. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1387497"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jariremombe, C.R. (2023). Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli. Escherichia coli-Old and New Insights, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.101671"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.32807\/jkp.v17i2.1003","article-title":"In Vitro Sensitivity Test of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 to Various Antibiotics with Well Diffusion Method","volume":"17","author":"Mursyida","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Kesehat. Prima"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, M.T., Bautista, E., de la Fuente, A., and P\u00e9rez, L. (2023). Cholinium-Based Ionic Liquids as Promising Antimicrobial Agents in Pharmaceutical Applications: Surface Activity, Antibacterial Activity and Ecotoxicological Profile. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071806"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pa\u0142kowski, \u0141., Karolak, M., Skrzypczak, A., Wojcieszak, M., Walkiewicz, F., Podemski, J., Jaroch, K., Bojko, B., Materna, K., and Krysi\u0144ski, J. (2022). Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061974"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, B.L., Kaminski, T.F.A., Carvalho, \u00c2.R., Fuentefria, A.M., Johann, B.M.B.C., da Silva, E.E., Silveira, G.P., da Silveira, T.L., Soares, F.A.A., and Zanatta, N. (2021). Antimicrobial and Toxicity Evaluation of Imidazolium-Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids with Dicarboxylate Anions. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050639"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.06.010","article-title":"Application of Gemini Quaternary Ammonium with Ester Groups in Cationic P(St-Co-BA) Nanolatex and Study on Its Antibacterial Properties","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.08.032","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of short chained imidazolium-base dionic liquids\u2014Influence of anion chaotropicity","volume":"111","author":"Mester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarannum, A., Jonnalagadda, R.R., and Nishter, N.F. (2019). Stability of collagen in ionic liquids: Ion specific Hofmeister series effect. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 212.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.01.029"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117309","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of pyrithione-based ionic liquids","volume":"251","author":"Bromberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101853","article-title":"Synergistic interactions of ionic liquids and antimicrobials improve drug efficacy","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorowicz, J., and Sazewski, J. (2024). Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094649"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.06.102","article-title":"The microbial toxicity of quaternary ammonium ionic liquids is dependent on the type of lipopolysaccharide","volume":"266","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2025, September 15). LIVE\/DEAD\u00ae BacLight\u2122 Bacterial Viability and Counting Kit. Available online: https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/L34856."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2017). Germicidal Spray Products as Disinfectants (GSPT): Testing of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica (Standard No. Standard Operating Procedure MB-06-09)."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/19\/3962\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:08:44Z","timestamp":1759417724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/19\/3962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30193962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30193962","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]}}}