{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:10:25Z","timestamp":1759835425189,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Science Council at the Medical University\u2014Sofia, Bulgaria","award":["\u0413PAHT-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u0413PAHT-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD), a condition linked to long-term cognitive impairment and considerable disease burden. The pharmacological characteristics of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) make it a promising candidate for the treatment of ARBD. In this study, adult male Wistar rats were divided into eight experimental groups. Four groups received a 20% (v\/v) ethanol\u2013tap water solution ad libitum for 15 weeks to induce early-stage ARBD, while the remaining received only tap water. After 14 weeks, all groups were administered daily injections for one week with either ALA, rivastigmine, or memantine. Behavioral testing included the step-through passive avoidance and rotarod performance tests. Whole-brain biochemical analyses assessed acetylcholinesterase activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Brain weight, relative brain weight, and brain histopathological changes were also evaluated. Results showed that, similar to memantine and rivastigmine, ALA improved STL at both 24 h and 8 days and reduced ethanol-induced Purkinje cell damage. It also decreased lipid peroxidation levels by 44%, unlike the reference drugs, and superoxide dismutase activity by 33%, similar to them. No other significant changes were detected. Albeit several limitations, this is the first study comparing ALA with rivastigmine and memantine in this experimental context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30194007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1759834087000},"page":"4007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Early-Stage Alcohol-Related Brain Damage in Rats: A Comparative Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7356-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristian","family":"Staykov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave 2 St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1845-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stela","family":"Dragomanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 55 Marin Drinov St., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yordan","family":"Hodzhev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, 21 Montevideo Blvd., 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 26 Yanko Sakuzov Blvd., 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valya","family":"Grigorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borislav","family":"Minchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diamara","family":"Uzunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ani","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6390-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inna","family":"Sulikovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2668-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Tsvetanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1323-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almira","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pendar","family":"Valadbeigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave 2 St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reni","family":"Kalfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, Healthcare and Sport, South-West University, 66 Ivan Mihailov St., 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rumen","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave 2 St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyubka","family":"Tancheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. 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