{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:11:10Z","timestamp":1790957470224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reviews recent advances in heterogeneous hydroformylation, with a particular focus on rhodium-based catalysts supported on oxide surfaces. The hydroformylation reaction is a vital industrial process for producing aldehydes from petrochemicals. This reaction involves the addition of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) to alkenes, resulting in the formation of aldehydes. Aldehydes serve as essential building blocks for various downstream products in the chemical industry, including alcohols, esters, and amines. Although homogeneous catalysts such as rhodium complexes coordinated with phosphorus-based ligands (e.g., [RhCl(PPh3)3]) are highly active and selective, their separation and recovery remain significant challenges. This has fueled growing interest in the development of heterogeneous catalysts, which offer advantages in terms of sustainability, reusability, and catalyst recovery. This review highlights recent progress in the design of heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, with emphasis on rhodium-based systems on oxide supports. Key challenges and emerging strategies for enhancing catalytic performance and stability are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30204078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1760508392000},"page":"4078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Hydroformylation at Metal\u2013Oxide Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Gillum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gallage K. P. A.","family":"Ariyaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charbel","family":"Tawny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Alimenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Krawczykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Polik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mausumi","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1021\/cr3001803","article-title":"Applied hydroformylation","volume":"112","author":"Franke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohnen, H.-W., and Cornils, B. (2002). Hydroformylation of Alkenes: An Industrial View of the Status and Importance, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-0564(02)47005-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanf, S., Alvarado Rupflin, L., Gl\u00e4ser, R., and Schunk, S.A. (2020). Current state of the art of the solid Rh-based catalyzed hydroformylation of short-chain olefins. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10050510"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pruchnik, F.P. (2013). Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Elements, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202301435","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202301435","article-title":"MOF-Supported Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydroformylation Reactions: A Minireview","volume":"16","author":"Samanta","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2022.07.020","article-title":"Heterogeneous hydroformylation of alkenes by Rh-based catalysts","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202214048","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202214048","article-title":"Rhodium Single-Atom Catalyst Design through Oxide Support Modulation for Selective Gas-Phase Ethylene Hydroformylation","volume":"135","author":"Henao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20907","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c09665","article-title":"Intermetallic nanocatalyst for highly active heterogeneous hydroformylation","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14036","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14036","article-title":"Atomic-level insights in optimizing reaction paths for hydroformylation reaction over Rh\/CoO single-atom catalyst","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.3c03882","article-title":"Efficient Catalytic Hydroformylation of Alkenes on Rh\/CeO2 Catalysts Modulated by CeO2 Morphology","volume":"63","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006635107","article-title":"Planar oxide supported rhodium nanoparticles as model catalysts","volume":"108","author":"McClure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b12171","article-title":"Prospects of heterogeneous hydroformylation with supported single atom catalysts","volume":"142","author":"Amsler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25061-0","article-title":"Phosphorus coordinated Rh single-atom sites on nanodiamond as highly regioselective catalyst for hydroformylation of olefins","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c02194","article-title":"Rh2P nanoparticles stabilized by carbon patches for hydroformylation of olefins","volume":"4","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1021\/nn9015955","article-title":"Study of the interface between rhodium and carbon nanotubes","volume":"4","author":"Ewels","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(00)00541-1","article-title":"Ethylene hydroformylation on graphite nanofiber supported rhodium catalysts","volume":"65","author":"Gao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-796X(95)80001-8","article-title":"Metal-oxide interfaces","volume":"14","author":"Ernst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030032f","article-title":"Nanostructured oxides in chemistry: Characterization and properties","volume":"104","author":"Hanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-022-00874-4","article-title":"Breaking structure sensitivity in CO2 hydrogenation by tuning metal\u2013oxide interfaces in supported cobalt nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Parastaev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-5102(89)80238-X","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopic studies of ethylene hydroformylation on Rh\/SiO2: An investigation of the relationships between homogeneous and heterogeneous hydroformylation","volume":"55","author":"Chuang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9517(92)90058-P","article-title":"Infrared study of the CO insertion reaction on reduced, oxidized, and sulfided Rh\/SiO2 catalysts","volume":"135","author":"Chuang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00806102","article-title":"Study on catalysis by carbonyl cluster-derived SiO2-supported rhodium for ethylene hydroformylation","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00215a010","article-title":"Rhodium-carbon monoxide surface chemistry: The involvement of surface hydroxyl groups on alumina and silica supports","volume":"110","author":"Basu","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12369","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC02907K","article-title":"Understanding the role of supported Rh atoms and clusters during hydroformylation and CO hydrogenation reactions with in situ\/operando XAS and DRIFT spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Sarma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1006\/jcat.1998.2368","article-title":"Adsorption-induced structural changes of Rh supported by TiO2(110)-(1 \u00d7 2): An STM study","volume":"183","author":"Solymosi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.1021\/j100141a039","article-title":"Low reactivity of rhodium clusters produced in the presence of carbon monoxide","volume":"97","author":"Solymosi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1021\/j100412a081","article-title":"Infrared study of the effect of hydrogen on carbon monoxide-induced structural changes in supported rhodium","volume":"90","author":"Solymosi","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1021\/j150557a013","article-title":"Infrared studies of carbon monoxide chemisorbed on rhodium","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15404","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c03588","article-title":"A Multitechnique Study of C2H4 Adsorption on a Model Single-Atom Rh1 Catalyst","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR10087C","article-title":"Adsorbate-induced structural evolution changes the mechanism of CO oxidation on a Rh\/Fe3O4 (001) model catalyst","volume":"12","author":"Jakub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2024.122617","article-title":"The evolution of model Rh\/Fe3O4 (001) catalysts in hydrogen environments","volume":"751","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12325","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5c03349","article-title":"Unraveling the Structural Sensitivity of Metal Catalysts in Ethylene Hydroformylation: Insights from Theory and Experiments","volume":"15","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EE00071E","article-title":"Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to synthesis gas with controlled CO\/H 2 ratios","volume":"10","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b02685","article-title":"Water-mediated Mars\u2013van Krevelen mechanism for CO oxidation on ceria-supported single-atom Pt1 catalyst","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acs Catal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05754-9","article-title":"Atomic engineering of high-density isolated Co atoms on graphene with proximal-atom controlled reaction selectivity","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300361m","article-title":"Single-atom catalysts: A new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701343","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701343","article-title":"Single-atom catalysts: Emerging multifunctional materials in heterogeneous catalysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-018-0090-9","article-title":"Bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis by heterogeneous single-metal-site catalysts","volume":"1","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12175","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00840","article-title":"Heterogeneous single-atom photocatalysts: Fundamentals and applications","volume":"120","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800447","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201800447","article-title":"Single metal atom photocatalysis","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8078","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b02736","article-title":"Ionic exchange of metal\u2013organic frameworks to access single nickel sites for efficient electroreduction of CO2","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13944","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201703864","article-title":"Single-atom electrocatalysts","volume":"56","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106183","article-title":"Single-atom catalysts for hydroformylation of olefins","volume":"26","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15859","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c04086","article-title":"Oxidative Strong Metal\u2013Support Interaction Stabilized Single-Atom Catalysts for Heterogeneous Hydroformylation","volume":"147","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153758","article-title":"Atomically dispersed Rh catalysts formed on defective CeO2 surfaces with hydroformylation activity","volume":"496","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7243","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c00810","article-title":"Boosting the hydroformylation activity of a Rh\/CeO2 single-atom catalyst by tuning surface deficiencies","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202401392","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202401392","article-title":"Balanced Rh+-Rh0 Sites over Rh Clusters Enhance Heterogeneous Hydroformylation of Aldehyde","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05251-6","article-title":"Functional CeOx nanoglues for robust atomically dispersed catalysts","volume":"611","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16054","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201607885","article-title":"Hydroformylation of olefins by a rhodium single-atom catalyst with activity comparable to RhCl (PPh3)3","volume":"55","author":"Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7500","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202000998","article-title":"Styrene hydroformylation with in situ hydrogen: Regioselectivity control by coupling with the low-temperature water\u2013gas shift reaction","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.2c07263","article-title":"Tracking and understanding dynamics of atoms and clusters of late transition metals with in-situ DRIFT and XAS spectroscopy assisted by DFT","volume":"127","author":"Sarma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8800","article-title":"Thermally stable single-atom platinum-on-ceria catalysts via atom trapping","volume":"353","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5806","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201915255","article-title":"One-pot cooperation of single-atom Rh and Ru solid catalysts for a selective tandem olefin isomerization-hydrosilylation process","volume":"59","author":"Sarma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00011D","article-title":"Synthesis of catalytic materials in flames: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"45","author":"Koirala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00469a029","article-title":"Strong metal-support interactions. Group 8 noble metals supported on titanium dioxide","volume":"100","author":"Tauster","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00776","article-title":"Metal catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis: From single atoms to nanoclusters and nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4874","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c12603","article-title":"Overturning CO2 hydrogenation selectivity with high activity via reaction-induced strong metal\u2013support interactions","volume":"144","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12074","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202101928","article-title":"Structure sensitivity of Au-TiO2 strong metal\u2013support interactions","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00727","article-title":"Oxidative-atmosphere-induced strong metal\u2013support interaction and its catalytic application","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c01347","article-title":"Encapsulation of platinum by titania under an oxidative atmosphere: Contrary to classical strong metal\u2013support interactions","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6679","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC01392F","article-title":"Oxidative strong metal\u2013support interactions (OMSI) of supported platinum-group metal catalysts","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2607","article-title":"Adsorbate-mediated strong metal\u2013support interactions in oxide-supported Rh catalysts","volume":"9","author":"Matsubu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Breslow, D., and Heck, R. (1960). Mechanism of the Hydroformylation of Olefins."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01480a017","article-title":"The reaction of cobalt hydrotetracarbonyl with olefins","volume":"83","author":"Heck","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-020-00226-5","article-title":"Bimetallic cooperation across the periodic table","volume":"4","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201300092","article-title":"Binuclear cooperative catalysts for the hydrogenation and hydroformylation of olefins","volume":"5","author":"Hetterscheid","year":"2013","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CY00959B","article-title":"Designing a Rh-based bimetallic catalyst for heterogeneous ethylene hydroformylation: Combining theoretical predictions and experimental screening","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05075-4","article-title":"Bifunctional hydroformylation on heterogeneous Rh-WOx pair site catalysts","volume":"609","author":"Ro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10899","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b02111","article-title":"Synthesis of heteroatom Rh\u2013ReO x atomically dispersed species on Al2O3 and their tunable catalytic reactivity in ethylene hydroformylation","volume":"9","author":"Ro","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202100286","article-title":"Cu Decorated Rh\/TiO2 Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Phenylacetylene to Styrene","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemNanoMat"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2018.08.022","article-title":"Pd model catalysts on clean and modified HOPG: Growth, adsorption properties, and stability","volume":"679","author":"Kettner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-021-03868-2","article-title":"Model Catalysis with HOPG-Supported Pd Nanoparticles and Pd Foil: XPS, STM and C2H4 Hydrogenation","volume":"152","author":"Motin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8351","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b02789","article-title":"Controlling the surface reactivity of titania via electronic tuning of self-assembled monolayers","volume":"7","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b12980","article-title":"Control of molecular bonding strength on metal catalysts with organic monolayers for CO2 reduction","volume":"142","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CY00684H","article-title":"Support modification by phosphonic acid ligands controls ethylene hydroformylation on single-atom rhodium sites","volume":"15","author":"Meduna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CY01132K","article-title":"Ligand-coordinated Ir single-atom catalysts stabilized on oxide supports for ethylene hydrogenation and their evolution under a reductive atmosphere","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02200-4","article-title":"A database of low-energy atomically precise nanoclusters","volume":"10","author":"Manna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EE02695G","article-title":"Hydrogen society: From present to future","volume":"16","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11847-w","article-title":"Screening highly active perovskites for hydrogen-evolving reaction via unifying ionic electronegativity descriptor","volume":"10","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2021.122231","article-title":"Hydroformylation of olefins by metals other than rhodium","volume":"960","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Organomet. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/20\/4078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T07:34:26Z","timestamp":1760686466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/20\/4078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30204078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30204078","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}}}