{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:02:59Z","timestamp":1788472979635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012725","name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20399.24-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20399.24-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012725","name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22291.25-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22291.25-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT, Mexico","award":["3837646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3837646"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a novel ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between glutathione (GSH)-coated CdTe quantum dots (CdTe\/GSH QDs) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated Au nanoclusters (AuNCs\/BSA) for dopamine (DA) detection. The nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Key FRET parameters, including energy transfer efficiency (E), donor\u2013acceptor distance (r), F\u00f6rster distance (R0), and the overlap integral (J), were determined. The interactions between the CdTe\/GSH-AuNCs\/BSA conjugate and DA were investigated, revealing a dual mechanism of QDs fluorescence quenching that involves both energy and electron transfer. The average lifetime values and spectral profiles of CdTe\/GSH QDs, both in the absence and presence of DA, suggest a dynamic fluorescence quenching process. The variation in the ratiometric signal with increasing DA concentration demonstrated a linear response within the range of 0\u2013250 \u00b5M, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and a detection limit of 6.9 nM. This proposed nanosensor exhibited selectivity against potential interfering substances, including urea, glucose, BSA, GSH, citric acid, and metal ions such as Na+ and Ca2+. The conjugate also demonstrates excellent cytocompatibility and enhances cell proliferation in HeLa epithelial cells, making it suitable for biological applications. It was successfully employed for DA detection in urine samples, achieving recoveries ranging from 99.1% to 104.2%. The sensor is highly sensitive, selective, rapid, and cost-effective, representing a promising alternative for DA detection across various sample types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1761269711000},"page":"4169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytocompatible FRET Assembly of CdTe@GSH Quantum Dots and Au@BSA Nanoclusters: A Novel Ratiometric Strategy for Dopamine Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Arturo Iv\u00e1n","family":"Pav\u00f3n-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eustolia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22390, BC, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/I. T. Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Blvd. Alberto Lim\u00f3n Padilla S\/N, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Alatorre-Meda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SECIHTI-Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/I. T. Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Blvd. Alberto Lim\u00f3n Padilla S\/N, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ramos-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Tirado-Gu\u00edzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Pina-Luis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Graduados e Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana, Tijuana 22510, BC, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.143837","article-title":"sensitive detection of epinephrine in human serum via fluorescence enhancement of gold nanoclusters","volume":"498","author":"Govindaraju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.01.001","article-title":"Schizophrenia: From dopaminergic to glutamatergic interventions","volume":"14","author":"Laruelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70118-2","article-title":"New experimental and clinical links between the hippocampus and the dopaminergic system in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Calabresi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.07.031","article-title":"Increased dopaminergic activity in restricting-type anorexia nervosa","volume":"142","author":"Barbato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.003","article-title":"Increased dopamine D2\/D3 receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [11c] Raclopride","volume":"58","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2835","article-title":"Analytical approach to determine biogenic amines in urine using microextraction in packed syringe and liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection","volume":"27","author":"Oppolzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr. BMC"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.01.038","article-title":"Development of analytical method for catechol compounds in mouse urine using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"985","author":"Kanamori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2004.11.018","article-title":"Methanol plug assisted sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the determination of dopamine in urine by violet light emitting diode-induced fluorescence detection","volume":"816","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2006.09.008","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid using carbon ionic liquid electrode","volume":"359","author":"Safavi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200704073","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor for the determination of dopamine in presence of high concentration of ascorbic acid using a fullerene-C60 coated gold electrode","volume":"20","author":"Goyal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.05.045","article-title":"A novel electrochemical sensor for determination of dopamine based on aunps@sio2 core-shell imprinted composite","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2006.12.029","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrode for the simultaneous determination of dopamine and serotonin: Application in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids","volume":"72","author":"Goyal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.08.032","article-title":"Quantum dot-enhanced chemiluminescence detection for simultaneous determination of dopamine and epinephrine by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2003.08.050","article-title":"Fluorimetric determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical products and urine using ethylene diamine as the fluorigenic reagent","volume":"497","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2010.04.035","article-title":"A novel kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of ultra trace amount of cyanide","volume":"77","author":"Abbasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2010.11.007","article-title":"Chemometric-assisted kinetic\u2013spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and dopamine","volume":"410","author":"Moghadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb00893.x","article-title":"In vivo measurement of dopamine and its metabolites by intracerebral dialysis: Changes after d-amphetamine","volume":"41","author":"Sharp","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2023537","article-title":"Graphene oxide based photoinduced charge transfer label-free near-infrared fluorescent biosensor for dopamine","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.09.038","article-title":"Dopamine fluorescent sensors based on polypyrrole\/graphene quantum dots core\/shell hybrids","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.06.093","article-title":"A Unique turn-off fluorescent strategy for sensing dopamine based on formed polydopamine (pDA) using graphene quantum dots (GQDS) as fluorescent probe","volume":"221","author":"Weng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00468","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescence detection of tyrosinase activity and dopamine using thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters","volume":"87","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7880","DOI":"10.1021\/la700555y","article-title":"phosphate-modified TiO2 nanoparticles for selective detection of dopamine, levodopa, adrenaline, and catechol based on fluorescence quenching","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AN01592K","article-title":"Adenosine capped qds based fluorescent sensor for detection of dopamine with high selectivity and sensitivity","volume":"139","author":"Mu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201301947","article-title":"25th Anniversary article: Colloidal quantum dot materials and devices: A quarter-century of advances","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8826","DOI":"10.1021\/ac201331r","article-title":"Semiconductor quantum dots in bioanalysis: Crossing the valley of death","volume":"83","author":"Algar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.05.026","article-title":"Beyond labels: A review of the application of quantum dots as integrated components of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors utilizing optical transduction","volume":"673","author":"Algar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR05794E","article-title":"Atomically precise metal nanoclusters: Stable sizes and optical properties","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15325d","article-title":"Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters: From synthetic challenges to the unique property discoveries","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104546","article-title":"Highly fluorescent noble-metal quantum dots","volume":"58","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b02765","article-title":"Luminescent metal nanoclusters with aggregation-induced emission","volume":"7","author":"Goswami","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1021\/cm034081k","article-title":"Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1021\/ja806804u","article-title":"Protein-directed synthesis of highly fluorescent gold nanoclusters","volume":"131","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2012.02.016","article-title":"Interaction of different thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots with bovine serum albumin","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2205-4","article-title":"Ratiometric arginine assay based on FRET between CdTe quantum dots and Cresyl violet","volume":"184","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"85","article-title":"Binding interaction of dopamine with bovine serum albumin: A biochemical study","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15244","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ03170J","article-title":"Highly selective and sensitive biosensing of dopamine based on glutathione coated silver nanoclusters enhanced fluorescence","volume":"41","author":"Rajamanikandan","year":"2017","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-012-0925-z","article-title":"Nanosensor for dopamine and glutathione based on the quenching and recovery of the fluorescence of silica-coated quantum dots","volume":"180","author":"Xiangzhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2811","article-title":"Quantum-dot\/dopamine bioconjugates function as redox coupled assemblies for in vitro and intracellular ph sensing","volume":"9","author":"Medintz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6006","DOI":"10.1021\/ja300724x","article-title":"On the pH-dependent quenching of quantum dot photoluminescence by redox active dopamine","volume":"134","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.10.014","article-title":"A dual fluorometric and colorimetric sensor for dopamine based on bsa-stabilized Au nanoclusters","volume":"42","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12783","DOI":"10.1021\/la7017727","article-title":"DNA-Passivated CdS nanocrystals:\u2009 luminescence, bioimaging, and toxicity profiles","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178518","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/178518","article-title":"Carbon dot based sensing of dopamine and ascorbic acid","volume":"2014","author":"Baruah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticles"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an36035g","article-title":"A Novel quantum dot\u2013laccase hybrid nanobiosensor for low level determination of dopamine","volume":"137","author":"Shamsipur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Tian, F., Wen, S., Xu, H., Zhang, L., and Zeng, J. (2021). Selective determination of dopamine in pharmaceuticals and human urine using carbon quantum dots as a fluorescent probe. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9010170"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, M., Nath, P., Kadian, S., Kumar, A., Kumar, V., Roy, P., Manik, G., and Satapathi, S. (2022). Highly sensitive and selective detection of dopamine with boron and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13016-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00101","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon dots via hydrothermal synthesis: Naked eye fluorescent sensor for dopamine and used for multicolor cell imaging","volume":"2","author":"Naik","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105590","article-title":"A Design of fluorescence-based sensor for the detection of dopamine via fret as well as live cell imaging","volume":"159","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Yang, Y., Zhu, F., Pu, Y., You, X., and Liao, X. (2021). Efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for detection of dopamine using a dual-emission carbon dot-gold nanocluster nanohybrid. J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem., 411.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2021.113195"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY01412C","article-title":"Thioglycolic acid capped cds quantum dots as a fluorescent probe for the nanomolar determination of dopamine","volume":"7","author":"Vikraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.00709.x","article-title":"Inhibition of Na+\u2212H+ exchange impairs receptor-mediated albumin endocytosis in renal proximal tubule-derived epithelial cells from opossum","volume":"520","author":"Gekle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F748","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00442.2002","article-title":"Effects of pathophysiological concentrations of albumin on NHE3 activity and cell proliferation in primary cultures of human proximal tubule cells","volume":"285","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972913","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/972913","article-title":"Role of glutathione in cancer progression and chemoresistance","volume":"2013","author":"Traverso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Souza, A.O. (2022). Overview of nanomaterials and cellular interactions. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC134.367"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukumaran, A., and Mansour, M.A. (2023). Toxicity evaluation and biocompatibility of nanostructured biomaterials. Cytotoxicity\u2014Understanding Cellular Damage and Response, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100956"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04110-9","article-title":"Studies on cytocompatibility of human dermal fibroblasts on carbon nanofiber nanoparticle-containing bioprinted constructs","volume":"19","author":"Raja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Herrera, D.E., Reyes-Cruzaley, A.P., Dom\u00ednguez, G., Paraguay-Delgado, F., Tirado-Gu\u00edzar, A., and Pina-Luis, G. (2019). CdTe quantum dots modified with cysteamine: A new efficient nanosensor for the determination of folic acid. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204548"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2009). Tests for in Vitro Cytotoxicity. Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, ISO. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/36406.html."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6967","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB01273A","article-title":"Nir-light active hybrid nanoparticles for combined imaging and bimodal therapy of cancerous cells","volume":"2","author":"Topete","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26313","DOI":"10.1021\/jp505979e","article-title":"Targeted combinatorial therapy using gold nanostars as theranostic platforms","volume":"118","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400023","article-title":"Polymeric-gold nanohybrids for combined imaging and cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Topete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1021\/bm401541v","article-title":"Enhanced cell affinity of chitosan membranes mediated by superficial cross-linking: A straightforward method attainable by standard laboratory procedures","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotolongo-Garc\u00eda, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Vel\u00e1zquez, E., Alatorre-Meda, M., Oropeza-Guzm\u00e1n, M.T., Tirado-Gu\u00edzar, A., and Pina-Luis, G. (2021). Optimizing the efficiency of a cytocompatible carbon-dots-based FRET platform and its application as a riboflavin sensor in beverages. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081981"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zumbardo-Bacelis, G.A., Peponi, L., Vargas-Coronado, R.F., Rodr\u00edguez-Vel\u00e1zquez, E., Alatorre-Meda, M., Chevallier, P., Copes, F., Mantovani, D., Abraham, G.A., and Cauich-Rodr\u00edguez, J.V. (2024). A comparison of three-layer and single-layer small vascular grafts manufactured via the roto-evaporation method. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16101314"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"919","article-title":"The MTT viability assay yields strikingly false-positive viabilities although the cells are killed by some plant extracts","volume":"41","author":"Ari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol. Turk. Biyol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2144\/04373ST05","article-title":"Inaccuracies in MTS assays: Major distorting effects of medium, serum albumin, and fatty acids","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8854","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12673","article-title":"Improving anticancer drug development begins with cell culture: Misinformation perpetrated by the misuse of cytotoxicity assays","volume":"8","author":"Eastman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2144\/000112528","article-title":"Serum albumin leads to false-positive results in the XTT and the MTT assay","volume":"43","author":"Funk","year":"2007","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E19-09-0515","article-title":"The effects of proliferation status and cell cycle phase on the responses of single cells to chemotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Granada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/21\/4169\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T04:10:36Z","timestamp":1761365436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/21\/4169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30214169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30214169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}