{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:46:02Z","timestamp":1790189162175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint TCM Science & Technology Projects of National Demonstration Zones for Comprehensive TCM Reform","award":["GZY-KJS-SD-2024-055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZY-KJS-SD-2024-055"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of shandong Province, china","award":["2024CXGC010619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXGC010619"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science & Technology Project","award":["Q2023199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q2023199"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science & Technology Project","award":["M20242210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M20242210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethnopharmacological relevance: Glehnia littoralis (GL) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used to clear the lungs and benefit the stomach. Glehnia littoralis polysaccharides (GLPs) constitute one of the primary active ingredients of GL, demonstrating notable biological activities including immunomodulatory, antioxidant activity, and antitumor effects. Aim of the study: This review aims to provide the latest and the most comprehensive information on GLPs, specifically investigating their extraction technologies, isolation and purification methods, structural characteristics, and pharmacological activities of GLPs. It seeks to lay a foundation for further investigating pharmacological activities and application scope and guide the safe clinical practice of GLPs. Materials and methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and other online databases were used to collect literature about extraction, isolation, and purification methods, structural characteristics, and pharmacological activities of GLPs published before January 2025. Results: Polysaccharides are the main active ingredient of GL. Currently, 19 types of GLPs have been extracted. Methods of extracting GL include hot water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme extraction. The most frequently used method of separation and purification within GLP is column chromatography, often entailing cellulose column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. GLPs have various pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antitumor. Conclusions: While GLPs show promising immunomodulatory and antitumor effects, elucidating their structure\u2013activity relationships is essential for advancing our understanding and requires future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T07:41:35Z","timestamp":1761291695000},"page":"4173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extraction, Purification, Structure, and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides from Glehnia littoralis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Zhenni","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Processing Technology and Principle of Honey and Charcoal, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Processing Technology and Principle of Honey and Charcoal, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianhua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Processing Technology and Principle of Honey and Charcoal, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Processing Technology and Principle of Honey and Charcoal, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2020.1770787","article-title":"Structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide-iron complex from Glehniae Radix","volume":"23","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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