{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:04:36Z","timestamp":1790805876762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019349","name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PROY_INV_QU_2022_3585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROY_INV_QU_2022_3585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of advanced drug delivery systems is essential for improving therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease. This study investigates zinc-modified mordenite zeolite (MR-ZN) as a novel platform for the controlled delivery of donepezil (DPZ), a cholinesterase inhibitor. Natural mordenite was modified with zinc, enhancing its surface area from 62.1 to 85.4 m2\/g and improving its adsorption properties. Donepezil was successfully loaded at two doses (10 mg and 23 mg), achieving high loading efficiencies of 95% and 94%, respectively. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 &gt; 0.99), indicating that chemisorption predominates through coordination between DPZ functional groups and Zn2+ sites, while complementary physisorption via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions also contributes to molecular stabilization within the zeolite framework. In vitro release studies under simulated gastrointestinal conditions demonstrated sustained and pH-responsive release profile with 80% and 82% of donepezil released after 24 h for 10 mg and 23 mg formulations, respectively. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations revealed favorable adsorption energy (\u221226.4 kJ\/mol), while Bader and Electron Localization Function (ELF) analyses confirmed hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions without compromising the zeolite framework. These findings validate MR-ZN as structurally stable, efficient, cost-effective and biocompatible matrix for oral drug delivery. The combination of experimental data and theoretical modeling supports its potential to improve bioavailability and therapeutic performance in neurodegenerative treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:53:25Z","timestamp":1761296005000},"page":"4174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Zinc-Modified Mordenite Zeolite as a Molecular Carrier for Donepezil: A Framework for Drug Delivery Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5872-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Guaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lupe Carolina","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3136-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Jaramillo-Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Gualotu\u00f1a Campoverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Bioqui\u0301mica y Farmacia, Universidad Te\u0301cnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Pari\u0301s s\/n y Praga, Loja 110107, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology Research (IIM), Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.01.016","article-title":"Challenges and Hopes for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Tatulian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. 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