{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:10:58Z","timestamp":1790611858704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eco-friendly flame retardants are becoming a popular alternative to traditional fire retardants, many of which contain toxic halogens. These modern additives, which are based on phosphorus, nitrogen, or silicon compounds, minimize the emission of harmful gases during combustion, making them safer for the environment and human health. This study aimed to synthesize and analyze poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites using a newly synthesized hybrid fire retardant, boehmite derivative (aluminium dibutyl phosphonate), as an environmentally friendly additive. The fire-retardant properties of chitosan, which is derived from the natural biopolymer chitin, have also been tested. The chemical structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed using ATR\/FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDX analysis. Next, PVC-based dry blends were prepared with the addition of a stabilizer, plasticiser, chalk, and selected flame retardants (aluminium dibutyl phosphonate or chitosan) at concentrations of 10 wt%, 30 wt%, and 50 wt%, resulting in homogeneous materials intended for evaluating fire performance, thermal stability (DSC, TGA), and mechanical resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"4222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Application of Chitosan and Boehmite as Ecological Fire Retardants in PVC Compositions\u2014Preparation and Thermal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8833-3170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Dziuba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Crystallochemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana St. 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3604-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Puszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana St. 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dawidek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana St. 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0267-5402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Podko\u015bcielna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana St. 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.2128","article-title":"An Overview of Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials: Application, Technology, and Future Directions","volume":"37","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Flame Retardants, Their Beginning, Types, and Environmental Impact: A Review","volume":"74","year":"2022","journal-title":"\u00c9p\u00edt\u0151anyag\u2014J. 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