{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:02:41Z","timestamp":1783036961183,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-63-00075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-63-00075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the impact of 1 MeV electron beam and 80 keV X-ray irradiation on the decomposition rate and radiation\u2013chemical yield of 1-hexanol in aqueous saline solution to develop a comprehensive approach to determining reliable volatile organic compound markers for food irradiation. A 50 mg\/L 1-hexanol solution was irradiated with the doses ranging from 100 to 8000 Gy at various dose rates ranging from 0.2 to 10 Gy\/s to assess the impact of irradiation parameters on the decomposition rate and radiation\u2013chemical yield of volatile compounds typically found in food. GC\u2013MS analysis revealed a non-linear decrease in 1-hexanol concentration with increasing dose, accompanied by the formation of aldehydes, ketones, and secondary alcohols. Among these products, hexanal was detected at the lowest applied dose and exhibited dose-dependent behavior that correlated strongly with 1-hexanol degradation. Density functional theory calculations identified the most probable pathways for the formation of hexanol decomposition products, involving direct ionization, radical reactions, and oxidation. A mathematical model proposed in the study describes dose-dependent transformations of 1-hexanol into hexanal, enabling quantitative estimation of the degradation extent of hexanol. The findings suggest that hexanal can serve as a quantitative marker for hexanol degradation, supporting the development of rapid \u201cdose range\u201d determination methods for food irradiation that ensure microbial safety while minimizing undesirable oxidation of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"4226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of E-Beam and X-Ray Irradiation on Radiation\u2013Chemical Yield and Reaction Rate of Volatile Organic Compound Transformations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Ipatova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulyana","family":"Bliznyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2031-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Borshchegovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timofey","family":"Bolotnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5250-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Chernyaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8061-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Gloriozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1780-895X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Nikitchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9334-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Oprunenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9709-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariya","family":"Toropygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), 8-2 Trubetskaya str., 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8116-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Ananieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Rodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA\u2014Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Ave., 119571 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2023.111233","article-title":"Radiation technologies: The future is today","volume":"213","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. 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