{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:50:38Z","timestamp":1762188638977,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SUNBOR GRANT from the Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJPF2213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJPF2213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI grant","award":["JP24K08627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K08627"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, primarily due to amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2) aggregation in the brain. Astaxanthin (AxN), a xanthophyll carotenoid derived from Haematococcus pluvialis, possesses antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of AxN against A\u03b2 aggregation in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Initially, AxN inhibited A\u03b2 aggregation in DMEM\/F12 culture medium but not in PBS, suggesting a medium-dependent effect. Using quantum dot nanoprobes, A\u03b2 aggregation was visualized in the presence of SH-SY5Y cells. AxN treatment (0.032\u201320 \u00b5M) significantly reduced A\u03b2 aggregation and accumulation on SH-SY5Y cells. AxN also prevented A\u03b2-induced early apoptotic cell death but was less effective against late necrosis. Furthermore, a wound-healing assay showed that AxN restored the impaired cell motility caused by A\u03b2 aggregation. Thioflavin T staining confirmed the reduction in A\u03b2 fibril formation around the cells following AxN treatment. In conclusion, our study suggests that AxN prevents A\u03b2 aggregation and accumulation on the cell surface, thereby restoring cell motility and preventing early apoptosis in neuronal cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:18:42Z","timestamp":1762186722000},"page":"4271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid \u03b2 Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sahithya Hulimane","family":"Ananda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto 27-1, Muroran 050-8585, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kuragano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto 27-1, Muroran 050-8585, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Tokuraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto 27-1, Muroran 050-8585, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01124-1","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"388","author":"Scheltens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2018.04.060","article-title":"Quantum dots-based sandwich immunoassay for sensitive detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related A\u03b21-42","volume":"201","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. 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