{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:58:50Z","timestamp":1787029130254,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ayurveda is the traditional medical system of India and has been in use for more than 5000 years. The focus of Ayurveda is to maintain harmony and balance of the three Doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), or life forces, that govern the physiology and health of each individual. Ashwagandha is considered one of the most useful plants in the Ayurvedic system for various illnesses, including cancer. Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical analyses have been elucidating the bioactive compounds in ashwagandha that mediate the anti-cancer effects. The most bioactive compounds appear to be the withanolides, including withaferin-A (WFA), withanone, and other withanolide derivatives. The focus of this review will be to discuss the pre-clinical and translational anti-cancer properties of WFA, withanone, and selected withanolides in terms of their ability to inhibit the growth of systemic forms of cancer and gliomas. The mechanisms of action of how these compounds affect tumor cell growth will also be discussed in detail, and include the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of signal transduction pathways, the arrest of the cell cycle, and the inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases. The final part will review how ashwagandha and its bioactive compounds could be applied to glioblastoma and gliomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:18:42Z","timestamp":1762186722000},"page":"4272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Overview of Ayurveda and Ashwagandha: Bioactive Phytochemicals and Potential Applications to Gliomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Herbert B.","family":"Newton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Center and Brain Tumor Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"591","article-title":"Traditional medicines of India and Nepal: Ayurveda and Siddha","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Micozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fundamentals of Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lad, V. (2002). Textbook of Ayurveda, Volume 1: Fundamental Principles, The Ayurveda Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.024","article-title":"Development of Ayurveda\u2014Tradition to trend","volume":"197","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100676","article-title":"Integrating ayurvedic medicine into cancer research programs part 1: Ayurveda background and applications","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integ. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011775712","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology in drug discovery: An analysis of its role and potential contribution","volume":"53","author":"Heinrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2174\/138945006776054988","article-title":"Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacy\u2014Their role for anti-cancer drug development","volume":"7","author":"Heinrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5751","article-title":"A systematic review on ethnomedicines of anti-cancer plants","volume":"31","author":"Tariq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100677","article-title":"Integrating ayurvedic medicine into cancer research programs part 2: Ayurvedic herbs and research opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.118","article-title":"Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery","volume":"4","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S., Chakraborty, S., Anand, U., Dey, S., Nandy, S., Ghorai, M., Saha, S.C., Patil, M.T., Kandimalla, R., and Prockow, J. (2021). Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects. Biomed. Pharmacother., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112175"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaurav, H., Yadav, D., Maurya, A., Yadav, H., Yadav, R., Shukla, A.C., Sharma, M., Gupta, V.K., and Palazon, J. (2023). Biodiversity, biochemical profiling, and pharmaco-commercial applications of Withania somnifera: A review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031208"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2020.1741484","article-title":"Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects","volume":"18","author":"Ingawale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, A., Nabi, M., Tabassum, N., Afzal, S., and Ayoub, M. (2023). An updated review on phytochemistry and molecular targets of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha). Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1049334"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/104012371903100208","article-title":"Effects of a standardized extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on depression and anxiety symptoms in persons with schizophrenia participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Gannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegenfuss, T.N., Kedia, A.W., Sandrock, J.E., Raub, B.J., Kerksick, C.M., and Lopez, H.L. (2018). Effects of an aqueous extract of Withania somnifera on Strength Training Adaptations and Recovery: The STAR Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111807"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13041","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13041","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the effects of Withania somnifera with pentoxifylline on the sperm paramaters of idiopathic male infertility: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"50","author":"Nazemiyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0183","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1284970","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive function","volume":"14","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587216641830","article-title":"Body weight management in adults under chronic stress through treatment with ashwagandha root extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"778","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic properties of substances isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dunal","volume":"11","author":"Kohlmuenzer","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1099464","article-title":"C28-steroidlacton from the roots of Withania somnifera","volume":"24","author":"Menssen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113704","article-title":"Review on anticancerous therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal","volume":"270","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2024.101013","article-title":"Indian Ayurvedic medicine: Overview and application to brain cancer","volume":"15","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8090","article-title":"Withanolides: Promising candidates for cancer therapy","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Raza, A., Amin, S., Damodaran, C., and Sharma, A.K. (2022). Recent advances in the chemistry and therapeutic evaluation of naturally occurring and synthetic withanolides. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030886"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, H., and Chen, L. (2023). Molecular targets and mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of withanolides. Chem.-Biol. Interact., 384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110698"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, A., Singh, R., Shandilya, A., Priyandoko, D., Agrawal, V., Bisaria, V.S., Wadhwa, R., Kaul, S., and Sundar, D. (2012). Ashwagandha derived withanone targets TPX2-Aurora A complex: Computational and experimental evidence to its anticancer activity. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030890"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0096","article-title":"Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) activation and NF-\u03baB-regulated gene expression","volume":"5","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.02.031","article-title":"AOS14 phase II clinical study of combination chemotherapy with herb Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) in breast cancer","volume":"48","author":"Biswal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735412464551","article-title":"Effect of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy-induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Biswal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2018.12.008","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of Withaferin-A in advanced stage high grade osteosarcoma: A phase I trial","volume":"11","author":"Pires","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-013-9531-1","article-title":"Molecular targets and mechanisms of cancer prevention and treatment by withaferin A, a naturally occurring steroidal lactone","volume":"16","author":"Vyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, R., Khalil, R., Green, R., Mohapatra, S.S., and Mohapatra, S. (2019). Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Withaferin A: Potential in Integrative Oncology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215310"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassannia, B., Logie, E., Vandenabeele, P., Berghe, T.V., and Berghe, W.V. (2020). Withaferin A: From ayurvedic folk medicine to preclinical anti-cancer drug. Biochem. Pharmacol., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.08.004"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana, T., Okla, M.K., Ahmed, M., Akhtar, N., Al-Hashimi, A., Abdelgawad, H., and Haq, I. (2021). Withaferin A: From ancient remedy to potential drug candidate. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247696"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atteeq, M. (2022). Evaluating anticancer properties of withaferin A\u2014A potent phytochemical. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.975320"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S422512","article-title":"Withaferi A: A dietary supplement with promising potential as an anti-tumor therapeutic for cancer treatment\u2014Pharmacology and mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524023666230418094708","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of Withaferin A against cancer: Overview and update","volume":"24","author":"Abeesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2289-9600","article-title":"The potential pharmacological effects of natural product Withaferin A in cancer: Opportunities and challenges for clinical translation","volume":"90","author":"Devabattula","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12493","article-title":"Attenuating role of withaferin A in the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells via a p53-miR-27a\/miR-10b pathway","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyakulaga, A.H., Aqil, F., Munagala, R., and Gupta, R.C. (2018). Withaferin A inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34018-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, J.H.M., Chang, P.M.H., Cheng, T.S., Kuo, Y.L., Wu, A.T.H., Tran, T.H., Yang, Y.H., Chen, J.M., Tsai, Y.C., and Chu, Y.S. (2019). Identification of withaferin A as a potential candidate for anti-cancer therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11071003"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"vel Szic, S.K., de Beeck, K., Ratman, D., Wouters, A., Beck, I.M., Ceclerck, K., Heyninck, K., Fransen, E., Bracke, M., and De Bosscher, K. (2014). Pharmacological levels of withaferin A (Withania somnifera) trigger clinically relevant anticancer effects specific to triple negative breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087850"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0259","article-title":"A comprehensive review and perspective on anticancer mechanisms of withaferin A in breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Hahm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2009.01236.x","article-title":"Effect of the alcoholic extract of Ashwagandha leaves and its components on proliferation, migration, and differentiation of glioblastoma cells: Combinational approach for enhanced differentiation","volume":"100","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267614","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep188","article-title":"Water extract of Ashwagandha leaves limits proliferation and migration, and induces differentiation in glioma cells","volume":"2011","author":"Kataria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Comp. Alt. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9320-1","article-title":"Withania somnifera suppresses tumor growth of intracranial allograft of glioma cells","volume":"53","author":"Kataria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.468","article-title":"A novel cytotoxic agent induced apoptosis in malignant gliomas","volume":"158","author":"Grogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.11.352","article-title":"Vassobia Brevifloria root-extract Withaferin A as a novel cytotoxic and synergistic agent against malignant gliomas","volume":"165","author":"Grogan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-012-9888-5","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of withaferin A in glioblastomas involves induction of an oxidative stress-mediated heat shock response while altering Akt\/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"31","author":"Grogan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-014-0084-7","article-title":"Oxidative cytotoxic agent withaferin A resensitizes temozolomide-resistant glioblastomas via MGMT depletion and induces apoptosis through Akt\/mTOR pathway inhibitory modulation","volume":"32","author":"Grogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v14i2.33","article-title":"Withaferin A induces apoptosis in rat C6 glioma cells through regulating NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation and activation of caspase cascade","volume":"14","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2303-x","article-title":"Withaferin A and its potential role in glioblastoma (GBM)","volume":"131","author":"Dhami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widodo, N., Priyandoko, D., Shah, N., Wadhwa, R., and Kaul, S.C. (2010). Selective killing of cancer cells by ashwagandha leaf extract and its component withanone involves ROS signaling. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013536"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1972-1","article-title":"AshwaMAX and withaferin A inhibits gliomas in cellular and murine orthotopic models","volume":"126","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2534-5","article-title":"Synergistic inhibition of glioma cell proliferation by withaferin A and tumor treating fields","volume":"134","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"269","article-title":"Tumor treating fields: Therapy preclinical and clinical data","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Newton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Neuro-Oncology Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12706","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12706","article-title":"Withaferin A triggers G2\/M arrest and intrinsic apoptosis in glioblastoma cells via ATF-ATF3-CHOP axis","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"16","article-title":"Treatment of adult and pediatric high-grade gliomas with withaferin A: Antitumor mechanisms and future perspectives","volume":"71","author":"Marlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mat. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680096290673240223043650","article-title":"Withanone as an emerging anticancer agent and understanding its molecular mechanisms: Experimental and computational evidence","volume":"25","author":"Stephen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2013.08.028","article-title":"Withanone as an inhibitor of survivin: A potential drug candidate for cancer therapy","volume":"168","author":"Wadegaonkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaishnavi KSaxena, N., Shah, N., Singh, R., Manjunath, K., Uthayakumar, M., Kanauhjia, S.P., Kaul, S.C., Sekar, K., and Wadhwa, R. (2012). Differential activities of the two closely related withanolides, withaferin A and withanone: Bioinformatics and experimental evidences. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044419"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.11.021","article-title":"Withanone binds to mortalin and abrogates mortalin-p53 complex: Computational and experimental evidence","volume":"44","author":"Grover","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0324","article-title":"Withanone-rich combination of ashwagandha withanolides restricts metastasis and angiogenesis through hnRNP-K","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, V., Kumar, V., Kaul, S.C., Wadhwa, R., and Sundar, D. (2021). Computational insights into the potential of withaferin-A, withanone and caffeic acid phenyl ester for treatment of aberrant-EGFR driven lung cancers. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020160"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, V., Radharkrishnan, N., Kaul, S.C., Wadhwa, R., and Sundar, D. (2022). Computational identification of BCR-ABL oncogenic signaling as a candidate target of withaferin A and withanone. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020212"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026623666230726105017","article-title":"Effect of withaferin-A, withanone, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on DNA methyltransfereases: Potential in epigenetic cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"6","article-title":"Establishing the scientific validity of Tridosha. Part 1: Doshas, Subdoshas, and Dosha Prakritis","volume":"29","author":"Hankey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ancient Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-015-0607-9","article-title":"Genomic insights into ayurvedic and western approaches to personalized medicine","volume":"95","author":"Prasher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2025.101157","article-title":"Towards standardization of Prakriti evaluation: A scoping review of modern assessment tools and their psychometric properties in Ayurvedic medicine","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, R.K. (2020). Ayurgenomics and modern medicine. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56120661"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, H., and Wallace, R.K. (2020). Ayurveda and epigenetics. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56120687"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-9476.172385","article-title":"Dosha brain-types: A neural model of individual differences","volume":"6","author":"Travis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117603","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root extract in healthy human volunteers: A non-randomized, single dose study utilizing UHPLC-MS\/MS analysis","volume":"322","author":"Vaidya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822835-7.00034-2","article-title":"Overview of pathology and treatment of primary brain tumors","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Newton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Neuro-Oncology Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"411","article-title":"The use of temozolomide for chemoradiation and adjuvant therapy of high-grade gliomas","volume":"Volume 30","author":"Newton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Brain Tumor Chemotherapy, Molecular Therapeutics, and Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1577","article-title":"Bevacizumab: Review of development, pharmacology, and application to brain tumors","volume":"1","author":"Newton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101251","article-title":"Three-dimensional organoid culture unveils resistance to clinical therapies in adult and pediatric glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Sundar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/21\/4272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:24:45Z","timestamp":1762187085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/21\/4272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30214272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30214272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}