{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T22:46:58Z","timestamp":1786661218757,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Macau Science and Technology University","award":["0005-2023-RIA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0005-2023-RIA1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007343","name":"University of Brescia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant widely found in Asia, contains andrographolide as its main active compound, known for its wide-ranging pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties. Recent investigations have highlighted the anti-infective potential of andrographolide and its derivatives, with demonstrated antiviral, antibacterial, and antimalarial activities. This review summarizes progress in andrographolide\u2019s anti-infective applications, focusing on its structure\u2013activity relationship (SAR) and mechanisms of action. Researchers have used semi-synthetic methods, such as esterification, oxidation, Michael addition, salification, and hybrid design, to enhance andrographolide\u2019s physicochemical properties and biological activity. These derivatives show potent antiviral activity against RNA and DNA viruses, antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antifungal effects, and antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium spp. and Leishmania spp. Nevertheless, poor solubility and limited bioavailability still hinder their clinical translation. Strategies such as nano delivery systems and \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexes are discussed to improve bioavailability. Although andrographolide itself has not received regulatory approval as a stand-alone drug, several andrographolide-containing preparations have been clinically used in certain countries. Overall, this review brings together evidence on antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities, linking them with structure\u2013activity trends and pharmacokinetic insights, thereby providing a consolidated foundation for future development and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:18:42Z","timestamp":1762186722000},"page":"4273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Andrographolide and Its Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review of Anti-Infective Properties and Clinical Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2534-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zimo","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6983-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7522-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Coghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-5-17","article-title":"Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian)","volume":"5","author":"Chao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. 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