{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:19:53Z","timestamp":1762492793657,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"United States Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-EE0007105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-EE0007105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The electrochemical oxidation mechanism of biopolymer lignin is challenging to characterize due to its complex structure. Controlling the oxidation process is crucial for ensuring the economic feasibility of electrochemical depolymerization of lignin, as it often generates numerous undesirable compounds. Regulating the depolymerization process can lead to the production of high-yield aromatic compounds, such as phenols and carboxylic acids. In addition to the depolymerization of lignin by the electrocatalyst, hydroxyl radicals (\u2022OH) during the electrochemical oxidation could also depolymerize lignin. Previous studies have reported that \u2022OH forms during electrochemical oxidation; however, it is still uncertain whether these radicals or electrocatalysts are responsible for depolymerizing lignin. This study investigates the pivotal issue of whether the depolymerization process is driven by \u2022OH or by a direct electrochemical route. In this study, lignin compounds were electrochemically oxidized using a nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) electrocatalyst at several electrode potentials, and the oxidized products were analyzed using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and factor analysis (FA). Electrochemical depolymerization of lignin yielded mainly phenolic compounds (e.g., tert-butyl phenols), phthalate esters (e.g., dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-methylpropyl) phthalate), furan derivatives (e.g., 2-butyltetrahydrofuran), and short-chain carboxylic acid esters. This work has successfully predicted that both electrocatalyst and \u2022OH radicals contribute to the electrochemical depolymerization of lignin. Radical-mediated depolymerization yielded a broader range of products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"4305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiway Analysis of the Electrochemical Oxidation Pathway of a Lignin Using Chemometrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6145-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gobind","family":"Sah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Staser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Surrey, J. 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