{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:37:19Z","timestamp":1792805839450,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Minister of Education and Science","award":["SKN\/SP\/569523\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/569523\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland","award":["506.514.05.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["506.514.05.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tth1e03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improper use of drugs in both animal and human therapy, such as doxycycline (DOX), lead to the accumulation of residues in edible animal tissues as well as in the environment. Plant-derived compounds reduce the adverse effects of drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in two concentrations: lower (1.56 \u00b5g\/mL) (DOX + C1) and higher (3.125 \u00b5g\/mL) (DOX + C2) on the cytotoxicity of doxycycline in human cells. The toxicity of DOX and its CBD-containing mixtures was assessed after 72 h of exposure in three human cell lines: neural (SH-SY5Y), hepatic (HepG2), and kidney (HEK-293). The exposure to DOX resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial activity (SH-SY5Y) and inhibition of DNA synthesis (HepG2 and HEK-293). IC50 values for DOX ranged from 9.8 to &gt;200 \u00b5g\/mL in SH-SY5Y cells, 13.4 to 200 \u00b5g\/mL in HepG2 cells, and 8.9 to 30.4 \u00b5g\/mL in HEK-293 cells. The nature of the interaction depended on both the cell lines and the concentration of CBD in the mixture. Both CBD mixtures demonstrated a synergistic interaction in neuronal cells. In HepG2 cells, both mixtures showed additive and antagonistic interactions. In HEK-293 cells, the DOX + C1 mixture exhibited an antagonistic (protective) effect, while the DOX + C2 mixture showed an additive effect. There were no changes in oxidative stress levels; however, alterations in apoptosis levels and cell morphology were observed following exposure to the mixtures. The presence of doxycycline in the diet and the environment poses a health risk to consumers. The increasing consumption of CBD-containing products may reduce the risk associated with the presence of this drug in food. It is worth emphasizing the need for research aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on the health of humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:14:45Z","timestamp":1762506885000},"page":"4319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Action of Cannabidiol on Doxycycline Cytotoxicity in Human Cells\u2014In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Radko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Wojciechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Ko\u0144czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology \u201cParacelsus\u201d, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"\u017bakowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology \u201cParacelsus\u201d, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"\u0141\u0119towski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology \u201cParacelsus\u201d, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Salmanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology \u201cParacelsus\u201d, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Skrzypczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology \u201cParacelsus\u201d, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T., Xu, R., Yang, L., and Xie, Y. 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