{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:27:16Z","timestamp":1781335636360,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photocatalytic oxidation of microorganisms is a powerful alternative to established disinfection approaches, applicable to a variety of water matrices. Bacterial vegetative cells, spores, fungi, and viruses, represent potential biopathogens and photocatalysis targets. Inactivation efficiency is usually evaluated by assessing viability through culture. However, additional inactivation assessment approaches are needed, as some microbes, despite being unculturable, remain metabolically active and pathogenic. Nucleic acid quantification approaches (qPCR) can assess nucleic acid release and degradation during photocatalysis. We developed a novel multiplex qPCR assay for simultaneous detection\/quantification of genomic DNA from different bacterial and fungal species and of MS2 bacteriophage load. Following small-scale solar titanium dioxide photocatalysis on a microbial suspension mixture containing different biopathogen classes, we assessed photocatalytic efficiency by conventional microbiological assays (culture) and our novel molecular assay. Microbiological assays show a significant reduction in microbe viability within one hour of processing, following previously reported patterns of microbial species resistance. Molecular analysis data show that nucleic acids released in solution due to microbial oxidative damage were significantly reduced due to oxidative degradation within six hours. Through targeting different biopathogen classes, our assay could be a useful tool for assessment of photocatalytic microbe inactivation both in laboratory and real-wastewater applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30224333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:51:08Z","timestamp":1762782668000},"page":"4333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Titanium Dioxide Solar Photocatalytic Microbial Inactivation Assessment Utilizing Viability Tests and a Novel Triplex qPCR Assay for Nucleic Acid Degradation Determination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8620-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Paspaltsis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Kanata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotirios","family":"Sotiriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysanthi","family":"Berberidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Tsoumachidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Arsenakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sterimed SA, G\u2019 Fassi, Building Block 52b, Sindos Industrial Area, Thessaloniki 57022, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Xanthopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Dafou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Poulios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Sklaviadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11302","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00161","article-title":"Generation and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Photocatalysis","volume":"117","author":"Nosaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. 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