{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:34:10Z","timestamp":1792064050794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To apply molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the study of virgin asphalt binder, researchers have relied on basis sets of representative model structures from the SARA categories of saturated aliphatics (S), naphthenic aromatics (A), polar aromatics or resins (R), and asphaltenes (A). The evolution of these model compounds for MD of binder is reviewed with emphasis on addition of oxidized species for simulations of recycled aged binders. The level and type of oxygen functional groups in many MD simulations are not consistent with reported findings. Oxidation of primary, secondary, and tertiary benzylic carbons has been used as a rational approach to generate an extended basis set with functional groups reflecting ageing of virgin binder model compounds. Moieties known to be present in aged binder, though not wholly represented in prior work, include carboxylic acids, ketones, alcohols, anhydrides, and sulfoxides. A specific modified basis set for oxidized asphalt binder is proposed along with a methodology for generating other oxygen-consistent basis sets from virgin binder structures. An example illustrates how selection of compounds from the modified basis set and their amounts can be used to match observed functional group compositions. The objective of this approach is more realistic representation of the molecular interactions between aged asphalt binder structures and those in a waste cooking\/motor oil, for example, used to rejuvenate the rheological properties of a binder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30224476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T10:30:59Z","timestamp":1763634659000},"page":"4476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolution of Model Compounds and Functional Group Compositions for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Aged Asphalt Binder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar A.","family":"O\u2019Rear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2358-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musharraf","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.169","article-title":"Understanding the bitumen ageing phenomenon: A review","volume":"192","author":"Tauste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. 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