{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:17:34Z","timestamp":1769753854803,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82003985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81973712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82004030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82004030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Project in China","award":["0230401062YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0230401062YY"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Training Innovation Demonstration Project","award":["2022JP06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JP06"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Postdoctoral Foundation Program","award":["010301104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010301104"]}]},{"name":"National College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["202310199001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202310199001"]}]},{"name":"National College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["202310199051X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202310199051X"]}]},{"name":"Changchun University of Chinese Medicine \u201cGolden Seeds\u201d Program","award":["JZZ202304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZZ202304"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Health Commission Project","award":["2023JC035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JC035"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Development and Reform Commission Project","award":["2024C016-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024C016-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Photoaging, induced by chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure, is a multifactorial skin disorder characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and extracellular matrix degradation. Ganoderma lucidum glycoprotein (Gl-Gp) exhibits potent antioxidant activity, but its topical application is limited by poor transdermal permeability. This study aimed to develop a microemulsion-based system to enhance Gl-Gp delivery and evaluate its anti-photoaging efficacy. Methods: Gl-Gp was extracted and purified from G. lucidum fruiting bodies and structurally characterized for O-glycosidic linkages and O-GlcNAc modifications. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy further confirmed the polysaccharide\u2013protein complex structure of Gl-Gp. A water-in-oil Gl-Gp microemulsion was prepared and assessed in vitro for antioxidant and cytoprotective effects in HaCaT cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction, mitochondrial membrane potential stabilization, and apoptosis inhibition. Transdermal penetration was compared with aqueous Gl-Gp. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in a UV-induced rat model by measuring skin morphology, histology, oxidative stress markers, matrix metalloproteinases, and proinflammatory cytokines. Results: The microemulsion enhanced Gl-Gp stability and transdermal delivery. In vitro, it reduced ROS, preserved mitochondrial function, and decreased apoptosis in HaCaT cells. In rats, topical application attenuated erythema and epidermal hyperplasia, promoted dermal restoration, increased SOD and GSH-Px activities, and decreased MDA, hydroxyproline, MMPs, and inflammatory mediators. Conclusions: The Gl-Gp microemulsion exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-collagen-degrading effects, representing a promising strategy for transdermal delivery and topical prevention of photoaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30224489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T08:59:46Z","timestamp":1763715586000},"page":"4489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ganoderma lucidum Glycoprotein Microemulsion: Improved Transdermal Delivery and Protective Efficacy in UV-Induced Cell and Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xushuang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0289-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"Public Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101036","article-title":"Biomarkers, oxidative stress and autophagy in skin aging","volume":"59","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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