{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:06:56Z","timestamp":1777558016285,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024jj8158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024jj8158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Graduate Student Innovation Project","award":["2024CX201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CX201"]}]},{"name":"Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Key Discipline Research Project","award":["Z2023XJZD06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z2023XJZD06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatic fibrosis is a prevalent pathological process of chronic liver injury, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, representing a major cause of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith possesses pharmacological properties, including antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects, and is primarily used to treat rheumatism, hepatotoxicity injury, and chronic hepatitis. Acetylbinankadsurin A (ACBA) is a natural compound extracted from the roots of Kadsura coccinea. However, there have been few studies on the pharmacological activity of ACBA. This study aimed to investigate whether ACBA decreases macrophage glycolysis and pro-inflammatory phenotype polarization by inhibiting HIF-1\u03b1 to alleviate hepatic fibrosis in mice. In this study, CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis models and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 monocytic cell lines were utilized to simulate macrophage polarization. Techniques such as Western blotting and immunofluorescence were applied to analyze macrophage glycolysis and phenotypes. Our findings revealed that ACBA alleviated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice and suppressed LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization. We observed that ACBA significantly reduced the expression of HIF-1\u03b1 and macrophage glycolysis in liver fibrosis tissue and LPS-induced M1 macrophages. Furthermore, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and SPR assays demonstrated that there are three sites on the HIF-1\u03b1 amino acid residues that can stably bind with ACBA in vitro. In conclusion, these results suggest that ACBA inhibits the activity of HIF-1\u03b1, thereby decreasing macrophage glycolysis and the pro-inflammatory phenotype, which alleviates hepatic fibrosis in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30234571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T11:50:13Z","timestamp":1764244213000},"page":"4571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Acetylbinankadsurin A Decreases Macrophage Glycolysis and Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype Polarization via Inhibiting HIF-1\u03b1 to Alleviate Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangxia","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaguan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziti","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4221-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianye","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2253-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of Liver Diseases in the World","volume":"70","author":"Asrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.06.016","article-title":"Inflammasomes in Chronic Liver Disease: Hepatic Injury, Fibrosis Progression and Systemic Inflammation","volume":"81","author":"Taru","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB02790B","article-title":"Liver Fibrosis: Pathological Features, Clinical Treatment and Application of Therapeutic Nanoagents","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roehlen, N., Crouchet, E., and Baumert, T.F. (2020). Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040875"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14940","article-title":"Hepatic Macrophages: Key Players in the Development and Progression of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110357","article-title":"Macrophage in Liver Fibrosis: Identities and Mechanisms","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Heide, D., Weiskirchen, R., and Bansal, R. (2019). Therapeutic Targeting of Hepatic Macrophages for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02852"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Li, S., Liu, Y., Ding, X., Yang, Y., Chen, S., Cao, J., Tacke, F., Dong, W., and Lan, T. (2025). Macrophage Heterogeneity in Liver Fibrosis. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639455"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280572","article-title":"Regulation of Glycolysis by the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF): Implications for Cellular Physiology","volume":"599","author":"Kierans","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305551","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 and PFKFB3 Mediate a Tight Relationship Between Proinflammatory Activation and Anerobic Metabolism in Atherosclerotic Macrophages","volume":"35","author":"Tawakol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13483","article-title":"Regulatory Mechanisms of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Activity: Two Decades of Knowledge","volume":"109","author":"Koyasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00587-8","article-title":"The Effect of HIF on Metabolism and Immunity","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14883","article-title":"Structural Integration in Hypoxia-Inducible Factors","volume":"524","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yao, M., Xia, S., Zeng, F., and Liu, Q. (2025). Systematic and Comprehensive Insights into HIF-1 Stabilization under Normoxic Conditions: Implications for Cellular Adaptation and Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00682-7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Wu, Z., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Xie, J., Yin, D., and Zhu, Y. (2025). Research and Application of Medicines for Treating Liver Fibrosis: Current Status and Prospects. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1582258"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157242","article-title":"A Three-Year Review (2023\u20132025) on the Effectiveness of Natural Products from Plants in Treating Major Types of Fibrosis","volume":"148","author":"Kuete","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, H., Xia, X., Liao, S., Wu, T., Wang, L., Chen, Q., Wei, S., Gu, X., and Zhu, Z. (2022). Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant and Hypolipidaemic Activities of a Polysaccharide from the Fruit of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.903218"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.112678","article-title":"Heilaohuguosus A-S from the Fruits of Kadsura coccinea and Their Hepatoprotective Activity","volume":"184","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Jian, Y., Cheng, S., Jia, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, H., Cao, L., Li, B., Peng, C., and Iqbal Choudhary, M. (2021). Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans from Kadsura coccinea Alleviate APAP-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Oxidative Stress Inhibition and Activating the Nrf2 Pathway in Vitro. Bioorg. Chem., 115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105277"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120278","article-title":"Integrated Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics to Explore the Mechanism of Kadsura coccinea Root in Alleviating Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"352","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Tasneem, S., Hussain, N., Daniyal, M., Yuan, H., Xie, Q., Liu, B., Sun, J., and Jian, Y. (2018). Lignans from Tujia Ethnomedicine Heilaohu: Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092147"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117682","article-title":"Network Pharmacology Combines Machine Learning, Molecular Simulation Dynamics and Experimental Validation to Explore the Mechanism of Acetylbinankadsurin A in the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"323","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.002","article-title":"Liver-Derived Signals Sequentially Reprogram Myeloid Enhancers to Initiate and Maintain Kupffer Cell Identity","volume":"51","author":"Sakai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14871","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14871","article-title":"The Imbalance of Liver Resident Macrophages Polarization Promotes Chronic Autoimmune Hepatitis Development in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.022","article-title":"Cytotherapy with M1-Polarized Macrophages Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Modulating Immune Microenvironment in Mice","volume":"67","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5429","article-title":"Advances in the Understanding of the Role and Mechanism of Action of PFKFB3-mediated Glycolysis in Liver Fibrosis (Review)","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, C.A., Fisher-Wellman, K.H., and Neufer, P.D. (2021). From OCR and ECAR to Energy: Perspectives on the Design and Interpretation of Bioenergetics Studies. J. Biol. Chem., 297.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101140"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110978200","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-Mediated Expression of the 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase\/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) Gene. Its Possible Role in the Warburg Effect","volume":"277","author":"Minchenko","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23854","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400283R","article-title":"Hypoxia Activates Macrophage-NLRP3 Inflammasome Promoting Atherosclerosis via PFKFB3-Driven Glycolysis","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X2350057X","article-title":"Paeoniflorin Coordinates Macrophage Polarization and Mitigates Liver Inflammation and Fibrogenesis by Targeting the NF-[Formula: See Text]B\/HIF-1\u03b1 Pathway in CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"8775591","article-title":"Insight in Hypoxia-Mimetic Agents as Potential Tools for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Priming in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"2022","author":"Osuchowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2020.101248","article-title":"DFT and Molecular Docking Study of Chloroquine Derivatives as Antiviral to Coronavirus COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"Noureddine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. King Saud. Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2019.1684952","article-title":"Anti-Fibrotic Activity of Natural Products, Herbal Extracts and Nutritional Components for Prevention of Liver Fibrosis: Review","volume":"128","author":"Temraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.-Z., Chen, N., Ma, N., and Li, M.-R. (2023). Mechanism and Progress of Natural Products in the Treatment of NAFLD-Related Fibrosis. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237936"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"214","article-title":"Kadsura coccinea: A Rich Source of Structurally Diverse and Biologically Important Compounds","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.129","article-title":"Three New Lignans, Longipedunins A-C, from Kadsura longipedunculata and Their Inhibitory Activity against HIV-1 Protease","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108031","article-title":"Targeting Monocytes\/Macrophages in Fibrosis and Cancer Diseases: Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"234","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1550057","article-title":"Resolution of Liver Fibrosis: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance","volume":"35","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114864","article-title":"New Insights into Therapeutic Strategies for Targeting Hepatic Macrophages to Alleviate Liver Fibrosis","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viola, A., Munari, F., S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Scolaro, T., and Castegna, A. (2019). The Metabolic Signature of Macrophage Responses. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.522037","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages: Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1)-Mediated Glucose Metabolism Drives a Proinflammatory Phenotype","volume":"289","author":"Freemerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-017-0151-x","article-title":"Higher Phagocytic Activity of Thioglycollate-Elicited Peritoneal Macrophages Is Related to Metabolic Status of the Cells","volume":"14","author":"Pavlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600474","article-title":"PFKFB3-Driven Macrophage Glycolytic Metabolism Is a Crucial Component of Innate Antiviral Defense","volume":"197","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.70016","article-title":"PFKFB3-Inhibitor 3PO-Mediated Glycolytic Reprogramming Promotes Inflammatory Dental Pulp Repair: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Xu, J., Jiao, W., Liu, L., Yu, J., Zhang, M., and Chen, G. (2023). Suppression of Macrophage Activation by Sodium Danshensu via HIF-1\u03b1\/STAT3\/NLRP3 Pathway Ameliorated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041551"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53006-w","article-title":"MDM2 Induces Pro-Inflammatory and Glycolytic Responses in M1 Macrophages by Integrating iNOS-Nitric Oxide and HIF-1\u03b1 Pathways in Mice","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202302148","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302148","article-title":"Activation of the JNK\/COX-2\/HIF-1\u03b1 Axis Promotes M1 Macrophage via Glycolytic Shift in HIV-1 Infection","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112933","article-title":"Natural Compound Phloretin Restores Periodontal Immune Homeostasis via HIF-1\u03b1-Regulated PI3K\/Akt and Glycolysis in Macrophages","volume":"141","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00933-x","article-title":"A Simplified Herbal Decoction Attenuates Myocardial Infarction by Regulating Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming and Phenotypic Differentiation via Modulation of the HIF-1\u03b1\/PDK1 Axis","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G582","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90368.2008","article-title":"Reduced Liver Fibrosis in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha-Deficient Mice","volume":"296","author":"Moon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2010.00635.x","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Dependent Production of Profibrotic Mediators by Hypoxic Kupffer Cells","volume":"40","author":"Copple","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.026","article-title":"HIV Coinfection Exacerbates HBV-Induced Liver Fibrogenesis through a HIF-1\u03b1- and TGF-\u03921-Dependent Pathway","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Huo, E., Cai, Y., Zhang, Z., Dong, C., Asara, J.M., Shi, H., and Wei, Q. (2023). Myeloid PFKFB3-Mediated Glycolysis Promotes Kidney Fibrosis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1259434"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2024.2425839","article-title":"Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1alpha): Towards Potential Inhibitors","volume":"42","author":"Reda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2051745","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics and 3D-QSAR Studies on Indazole Derivatives as HIF-1\u03b1 Inhibitors","volume":"41","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamat, A., Kosar, N., Mohyuddin, A., Imran, M., Zahid, M.N., and Mahmood, T. (2024). SAR, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Natural Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Spike Protein. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051144"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/23\/4571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T11:51:33Z","timestamp":1764244293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/23\/4571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30234571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30234571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}