{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:29:39Z","timestamp":1787509779386,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Daniela A.S. Agostinho","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.05753.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05753.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50006\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.00511.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.00511.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainable extraction of microalgal lipids represents a critical step toward the valorization of biomass for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and biofuel applications. In this study, a microwave-assisted extraction approach using a biocompatible ionic liquid (IL), [N1 1 2OH 2OH][C6H11O2], was investigated for lipid recovery from Chlorella vulgaris. Conventional methods (Soxhlet, Folch, and Bligh &amp; Dyer) were first evaluated for benchmarking. Optimization of microwave power, extraction time, and algae-to-IL mass ratio demonstrated that a 1:8 (m\/m) ratio under 5 min and 750 W microwave pretreatment achieved the highest lipid yield, with 10.61 \u00b1 0.39% lipids recovered from the supernatant alone. Subsequent extraction of the pretreated biomass using an environmentally benign solvent mixture (ethyl acetate\/ethanol, 1:1 v\/v) raised the total lipid recovery to 14.29 \u00b1 0.75%, surpassing Soxhlet extraction with chloroform\/methanol (13.04 \u00b1 0.16%). Importantly, the IL was efficiently recovered (\u224885%) and reused without significant loss of performance or structural integrity, as confirmed by NMR, DSC, and FTIR analyses. The combined process yielded up to 42.56 \u00b1 0.64 mg FAMEs\/g algae, comparable to conventional Soxhlet extraction but with superior environmental compatibility. The relative distribution of FAMEs (in weight percent, wt%) was as follows: C16:2 trans 6.05%, C16:3 trans 13.99%, C16:1 cis 1.85%, C16:1 trans 0.82%, C16:0 16.72%, C18:2 cis 13.74%, C18:3 trans + C18:1 cis + C18:2 trans 26.91%, C18:1 trans 1.67% and C18:0 3.61%. These findings demonstrate that microwave-assisted extraction with choline-based ILs offers an efficient, recyclable, and greener alternative for lipid and fatty acid recovery from microalgae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30234611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T16:47:37Z","timestamp":1764780457000},"page":"4611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From Biomass to Efficient Lipid Recovery: Choline-Based Ionic Liquids and Microwave Extraction of Chlorella vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4740-3080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Agostinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde e Tecnologias Sustent\u00e1veis-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde e Tecnologias Sustent\u00e1veis-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Esperan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde e Tecnologias Sustent\u00e1veis-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde e Tecnologias Sustent\u00e1veis-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0800-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde e Tecnologias Sustent\u00e1veis-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde e Tecnologias Sustent\u00e1veis-Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal (ESTB\/IPS), 2839-001 Lavradio, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0212-3","article-title":"Extraction of Lipids and Pigments of Chlorella vulgaris by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Influence of Bead Milling on Extraction Performance","volume":"26","author":"Safi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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